POLLING 



the pollen may be rendered impo- 

 tent as regards the ovules of the 

 same flower ; or the male organs 

 (stamens) may be in separate 

 flowers or on separate plants from 

 those that bear the female organs 

 (pistil). Or a species may bear on 

 different individuals two or more 

 forms of flowers (long-styled, 

 short-styled, etc.), and the pollen 

 of one form will be potent only in 

 those of the other form. This is 

 known as heterostylism, and is 

 familiar in the flowers of the prim- 

 rose and cowslip (pin-eyed and 

 thrum-eyed). 



In all the conifers and most of 

 the British forest trees the sexes 

 are on distinct trees (dioecious), 

 and the pollen is carried from one 

 to the other by the wind. This is a 

 wasteful method, and many plants 

 have improved upon it by enlisting 

 the service of insects as carriers, 

 attracting them to the flowers by 

 conspicuous colouring, which is 

 usually accompanied by the pro- 

 vision of nectar and often by seduc- 

 tive odours. It is easy to determine 

 from the shape and colour of 

 flowers what group of insects are 

 invited to visit them ; thus we can 

 recognize bee-flowers, butterfly 

 and moth-flowers, wasp-flowers, 

 beetle and fly-flowers, and so forth. 

 Fly-flowers are often noticeable 

 from their dull purple-brown tints 

 or their odour of carrion. In a few 

 cases small birds, such as the hum- 

 ming birds, are the pollinating 

 agents, and more rarely snails dis- 

 charge this office. See Botany , 

 Clover ; Flower ; Plant. 



Bibliography. Cross and Self- 

 Fertilisation, 1876 ; Fertilisation of 

 Orchids, 2nd ed. 1885; Different 

 Forms of Flowers, 2nd ed. 1888, 

 C. R. Darwin ; British Wild Flowers 

 in Relation to Insects, J. Lubbock, 

 2nd ed. 1875 ; Fertilisation of 

 Flowers, H. Miiller, Eng. trans. 

 1883; Romance of Wild Flowers, 

 E. Step, 1899; Handbook of 

 Flower Pollination, P. Knuth, Eng. 

 trans. 1908. 



Pollino, MONTE. Peak of the S. 

 Apennines, Italy. It is situated 

 on the borders of the provs. of 

 Potenza and Calabria, 10 m. N.W. 

 of Castro Villari, and reaches an 

 alt, of 7,325 ft. 



Pollio, GAIUS ASINIUS (75 B.C.- 

 A.D. 6). Roman soldier and man 

 of letters. He first became pro- 

 minent by attacking Cato for his 

 violent action on behalf of the 

 senate, and attached himself to 

 Julius Caesar, with whom he 

 served in Gaul and with whom he 

 crossed the Rubicon. He fought 

 in Epirus, was present at Pharsa- 

 lus, and held military appoint- 

 ments in Africa and Spain. He 

 espoused the cause of Antony, 

 negotiated the terms between 



Sir Ernest Pollock, 

 British lawyer 



Russell 



623 1 



Antony and Augustus, and finally 

 became an adherent and personal 

 friend of Augustus. Even during 

 his active career he achieved dis- 

 tinction as an orator and poet, and 

 in his later years he devoted him- 

 self to literary pursuits, writing a 

 history of the civil war, unfortun- 

 ately lost. Pollio was the first to 

 set up a public library at Rome, 

 where he was a popular figure in 

 society, and an admired friend of 

 Horace and of Virgil, who dedi- 

 cated his fourth Eclogue to him. 



Pollock, SIR ERNEST MURRAY 

 (b. 1861). British lawyer. Born 

 Nov. 25, 1861, he was educated at 

 Char terhouse 

 and C a m- 

 bridge, being 

 called to the 

 bar in 1885. 

 Elected M.P. 

 for Warwick 

 and Leaming- 

 ton hi 1910, he 

 was recorder of 

 Kingston- 

 upon - Thames, 

 1911-19. Dur- 

 ing the Great War he was chairman 

 of the contraband committee, Nov., 

 1915, and controller pf the foreign 

 trade depart., 1917-19 Attorney- 

 general, Mar.-Oct., 1922, he was 

 created a baronet, 1922. 



Pollock, SIR FREDERICK (b. 

 1845). British jurist. The eldest 

 son of Sir W. F. Pollock, Bart., he 

 belonged to 

 the d i s t i n- 

 guished family 

 of that name. 

 Born in Lon- 

 don, Dec. 10, 

 1 845, he was 

 educated at 

 Eton and Trin 

 ity College, 

 Cambridge, 

 and became a 

 barrister in 



1871. In 1882 he was appointed 

 professor of jurisprudence at Uni- 

 versity College, London, and from 

 1884-1903 was Corpus professor of 

 jurisprudence at Oxford. From 

 1884^90 he was professor of com- 

 mon law to the Inns of Court, and 

 he edited The Law Quarterly 

 Review and The Law Reports. In 

 1888 he succeeded to the baronetcy, 

 and in 1911 was made a privy 

 councillor. His many honours in- 

 clude a fellowship of the British 

 Academy, and his works, Prin- 

 ciples of Contract, 1911, and 

 Essays in Jurisprudence and 

 Ethics, 1882. With F. W. Mait- 

 land he wrote the standard History 

 of English Law, 1895. 



Pollock, SIR GEORGE (1786- 

 1872). British soldier. Born June 

 4, 1786, son of David Pollock, 



Sir F. Pollock, 

 British jurist 



POLLOKSHIELDS 



saddler to George III, he entered 

 the army of the East India Com- 

 pany in 1803, and served in the 

 campaign 

 I against Hol- 

 I kar, 1804-5, 

 1 the Nepal 

 Campaign, 

 ] 1814, and the 

 j first Burmese 

 War, 1824-26. 

 1 In the ex- 

 li pedition for 

 Sir Gwrge Pollock, the relief of 

 British soldier Jalalabad he 

 fought his way through the Khyber 

 Pass, relieved Sir Robert Sale, and 

 reached Kabul, and was rewarded 

 with the G.C.B. Returning to 

 England, 1846, he became a director 

 of the East India Co., was made 

 a field-marshal in 1870, and a bar- 

 onet in 1872. He died Oct. 6, 1872. 

 Pollock, WALTER HERRIES (b. 

 1850). British author and journal- 

 ist. Born Feb. 21, 1850, second son 

 of Sir W. F, 

 Pollock, Bart., 

 (d.!888)hewas 

 e d u c a ted at 

 Eton and 

 Trinity Col- 

 leg e, Cam- 

 bridge, and 

 was called to 

 the bar at the 

 Inner Temple 

 in 1874. He 

 edited The 



Saturday Review, 1883-94 ; wrote 

 The Modern French Theatre, 1878 ; 

 Fencing, in the Badminton Li- 

 brary, 1889; Verse Old and New, 

 1890 ; and collaborated with Sir 

 Walter Besant in The Ballad- 

 monger, a romantic play adapted 

 from Banville's Gringoire, pro- 

 duced at the Haymarket Theatre, 

 Sept. 15, 1887. 



Pollokshaws. District of Glas- 



fow, formerly a separate burgh. 

 t stands on the White Cart, and 

 has stations on the Glasgow and 

 S.W. and Cal. Rlys., being also con- 

 nected with the city proper by 

 electric tramways. To the S.W. of 

 Glasgow, it is mainly an industrial 

 area. There is a town hall, and other 

 public buildings include churches 

 and schools. Having become an 

 industrial centre, Pollokshaws was 

 made a burgh in 1813. The name 

 means the shaws or woods of 

 Pollok. In 1912, having a pop. of 

 about 13,000, it was absorbed into 

 Glasgow. See Glasgow. > 



Pollokshields. District of Glas- 

 gow. It is S.W. of the city proper, 

 and is served by the Glasgow and 

 S.W. and Cal. Rlys., also by electric 

 tramways. Chiefly a residential 

 quarter, it was absorbed into 

 Glasgow in 1891. Here is Maxwell 

 Park. See Glasgow. 



Walter H. Pollock, 

 British author 



