J 



F. W. Pomeroy, 

 British sculptor 



POMEROY 



chow or Eskimo dog, and is doubt- 

 less descended from one or more of 

 the Arctic breeds. In its original 

 and large form, a breeds now little 

 known, the Pomeranian was used 

 as a wolf dog. It has been used 

 abroad as a sheep dog, but in Great 

 Britain only the diminutive type, 

 bred by special selection, is seen, 

 kept as a ladies' pet in spite of its 

 rather uncertain temper and use- 

 lessness as a house dog. Specimens 

 weigh 8 Ib. and less ; the favourite 

 colour is black, but white and fawn 

 are sometimes seen ; the ears 

 should be erect, with no tendency to 

 curl at the tips. See Dog, col. plate. 

 Pomeroy, FREDERICK WILLIAM 

 (d. 1924). British sculptor. He en- 

 tered the R.A. schools, 1881, 

 gaining a gold 

 medal and trav- 

 elling student- 

 ships four years 

 later, and 

 medals at Paris 

 and Chicago. 

 Notable exam 

 pies of his work 

 are the statues 

 of Burns at 

 Paisley, and 

 Sydney, N.S.W. ; of Gladstone, in 

 the Houses of Parliament ; and the 

 monument to Lord Dufferin and 

 Ava, at Belfast. He was made R.A. 

 in 1917, and died May 26, 1924. 



Pomeroy Bullet. Incendiary 

 projectile for use from machine 

 guns. Named after its inventor, J 

 Pomeroy, an engineer of Canadian 

 extraction, it was adopted for the 

 use of the British air service during 

 the Great War, and proved most 

 effective in combating Zeppelins 

 and other aircraft. The mixture 

 in the bullet ignited on impact of 

 the projectile and burned with 

 sufficient intensity to ignite the 

 hydrogen escaping from the punc- 

 tures made in the envelope of the 

 balloons, rendering their total de- 

 struction certain. See Zeppelin. 



Pomona. In Roman mythology, 

 a nymph or goddess who was the 

 patroness of gardens and fruit. 



Pomona OR MAINLAND. Largest 

 of the Orkney Islands, Scotland. 

 Its area is 160 sq. m. It is divided 

 into two unequal portions by 

 Kirkwall Bay and Scapa Flow 

 (g.v.), and has a steep rocky W. 

 coast, with a few good harbours. 

 The surface is mainly moorland 

 and heath, with some fertile 

 valleys. Kirkwall and Stromness 

 are the only towns. " Maes 

 Howe," a chambered barrow, and 

 the Standing Stones of Stenness, a 

 group of stone circles, are inter- 

 esting antiquities. Pop. 15,000. ; 

 Pomona. City of California, 

 U.S.A., in Los Angeles co. Situated 

 34 m. by rly. E. of Los Angeles, 



and served by the S. Pacific Rly., 

 it lies in an important fruit and 

 vegetable district, and carries on 

 a large trade in oranges. Pomona 

 was settled in 1875 and incorpor- 

 ated 1887. Pop. 13,500. 



Pompadour, JEANNK ANTOIN- 

 ETTE POISSON, MARQUISE DE (1721- 

 64). Mistress of Louis XV. Born in 

 Paris, Dec. 29, 1721, she was the 

 illegitimate daughter, by Made- 

 leine Poisson, of Le Normant de 

 Tournehem, whose nephew, Le 

 Normant d'Etioles, she married 

 hi 1741. She became mistress of 

 Louis XV in 1745, and thenceforth, 

 a woman of high talents and with 

 great ambition, exercised much 

 political influence. She accumu- 

 lated a large fortune for herself and 

 her relatives, became a duchess, 



Marquise de Pompadour, Lady 

 of the Court of Louis XV 



From the portrait by Boucher in the Wallace 

 Collection, London. 



1752, and lady-in-waiting to the 

 queen, 1756. She personally car- 

 ried out many of the king's state 

 duties, and her patronage of writers 

 and artists such as Voltaire, Cr6- 

 billon, Quesnay, Helvetius, Van 

 Loo, and Boucher enhanced her in- 

 fluence. The French alliance with 

 Austria, 1756, was due to her per- 

 sonal spite against Frederick II. 

 She died at Versailles, April 15, 

 1764. See Mme. de Pompadour, E. 

 and J. de Goncourt, new ed. 1896; 

 Mme. de Pompadour, H. N. Wil- 

 liams, 1902. 



Pompeia. Name of a Roman 

 plebeian gens, or clan, the most 

 important member of which was : 



GNAEUS POMPEIUS (106-48 

 B.C. ). Roman general and triumvir. 

 Commonly known as Pompey the 

 Great, he received from Sulla, as 

 the reward of his military achieve- 

 ments, the surname of Magnus, a 



POMPEIA 



title which de- 

 scended to his 

 sons. He was 

 born Sept. 30. 

 106 B.C., of a 

 family which in 

 the great strife 

 between the 

 democratic and 



Pompey the Great, the aristocratic 

 Roman general parties in 



From a butt Rome, took 



the senatorial side. In 89 young 

 Pompey was already serving with 

 the army under the command of 

 his father. He became so popular 

 with the soldiers that, when Sulla 

 landed in Italy in 84, determined 

 to overthrow the dominant demo- 

 cratic faction, Pompey was able 

 to lead a considerable force to 

 support him. Sulla gave him re- 

 sponsible employment, and during 

 the next three years he rendered 

 brilliant services, especially in the 

 overthrow of the Marian, or demo- 

 cratic, party in Africa. These were 

 the triumphs which caused Sulla to 

 hail him as Magnus, the Great. 

 After Sulla's death in 78, Pompey 

 remained for a time one of the 

 recognized leaders of the senatorial 

 party, whose armies he commanded 

 in Spain, 76-71. 



Returning to Rome, he broke with 

 his former allies, and in 67 was ap- 

 pointed with extraordinary powers 

 for the suppression of the pirates 

 in the Mediterranean. In this task 

 he was completely successful, and 

 in 66 he was sent to the E., again 

 with extraordinary powers, primar- 

 ily for the purpose of overthrowing 

 Mithradates (q.v.). Again he was 

 successful, and brought the entire 

 east under the Roman sway. 



After the year 62 his hitherto 

 brilliant record became one of fail- 

 ure. Since now he would neither 

 give way to the senate nor seize ab- 

 solute power, he formed an alliance, 

 known as the first triumvirate, with 

 Crassus and Julius Caesar. In 58 

 Caesar took up the proconsulship 

 or governorship of Gaul, an office 

 which, by means of the armies at 

 his disposal, he was able to use as 

 a step towards making an ultimate 

 bid for supreme power. Pompey, 

 remaining in Rome, rapidly lost 

 influence. In 52 the government 

 broke down altogether, and again 

 Pompey had his chance. He again 

 hesitated, lost his opportunity, and 

 threw himself upon the support of 

 the senatorial faction. The result 

 was the invasion of Italy by Caesar 

 at the head of his proconsular army 

 hi 49, the decisive defeat of Pompey 

 at Pharsalus, Aug. 9, 48, and his 

 flight to Egypt, where he was 

 assassinated, Sept. 29. See Life of 

 Pompey, Plutarch ; Seven Roman 

 Statesmen, C. W. C. Oman, 1902. 



