POONA 



POOR LAWS 



s yield a thick, green oil, used 



Poona, India. Top, lake and 



peak of Parvati, on which stands the 



temple, shown below 



Poona. Town of Bombay, India. 

 The capital of a district, it stands 

 at the union of the rivers Mutha 

 and Mula, 120 m. from Bombay, 

 and is an important rly. and 

 road junction. It consists of a 

 native town and a European 

 quarter, and is the residence of 

 the governor of Bombay during 

 the rainy season, and an important 

 military station. An educational 

 centre also, here are the Deccan 

 and Fergusson colleges, as well as 

 other establishments of the kind. 

 The industries include the making 

 of fine wares of gold, silver, brass, 

 etc., and of cotton, paper, and 

 flour. The buildings included 

 temples and others erected by the 

 Marathas, who made Poona one 

 of the centres of their power, and 

 more modern ones built by Euro 

 peans. The district of Poona has 

 an area of 5,360 sq. m. Pop., dist. . 

 1,072,000 ; town, 159,000. 



Poon-wood (Calophyllum ino- 

 phyllum). Tree of the natural 

 order Guttiferae. A native of 

 India and Malaya, it has large 

 oblong leaves and sweet-scented 

 flowers in loose sprays. The reddish 

 fruit is the size of a walnut, and its 



medicinally. Poon-^ 

 building p u r - 

 poses, and for 

 making masts 

 and spars. 



Poop (Lat. 

 puppis, stern of 

 a ship). Name 

 given to a light 

 deck raised 

 above the main 

 deck of a ship. 

 It is in the stern 

 of the vessel, 

 and in the old 

 fighting ship 

 the poop was a 

 deck of tower- 

 i n g p r o p o r- 

 tions. A high 

 deck above the 

 poop in such 

 ships was known by the name of 

 the poop royal. See Ship. 



Poop. Top, poop 

 of modern steam- 

 ship. Below, poop 

 of Nelson's Victory 



Poor Clares OR CLARISSES. 

 Order of nuns founded in 1212 

 by S. Clare with the advice of 

 S. Francis of Assisi. They formed 

 the Second Order of Franciscans. 

 Having received no definite rule 



from S. Fran- ^ ^ 



cis during his r 

 missionary 

 journey in the 

 E., they were 

 brought under 

 the Benedic- 

 tine rule, which 

 was repeatedly 

 modified, and 

 no uniform 

 system was ac- 

 cepted, the 

 Urbanists fol- 

 lowing the 

 milder rule in- 

 stitute.d in 

 1264 by Pope 

 Urban IV, and 

 the Coletines 

 observing the 

 reforms made 

 by S. Colette in 

 1436. The Poor 

 Clares devote 

 themselves to 

 the education of poor girls. They 

 are under the authority of the 

 Minorites, and the Minories in 

 London preserves the memory of 

 one of their former nunneries. See 

 Clare; Francis of Assisi; consult 

 also S. Clare and Her Order, 

 anon., 1912. 



Poor Clares. Cress 



of the order of 



nuns founded in 



1212 



THE POOR LAWS & THEIR WORKING 



William Latey, Barrister-at-Law, of tbe Middle Temple 



Other articles dealing with this question include Casual Labour ; 



Guardian; Overseer; Pauperism. See also Health, Ministry of; 



Old Age Pensions; Trade Union; Unemployment; Wages 



The title poor law comprises 

 legislation passed for the benefit of 

 the needy and distressed in Great 

 Britain since the reign of Henry 

 VIII. The statute of 1601 laid down 

 that each parish should take care of 

 its aged and impotent poor people, 

 provide work for its able-bodied 

 xuper 



Poon-wood. 



Flowers, leaves, and 

 fruit 



children ; that "overseers of the 

 poor" should be appointed with 

 power to levy a poor rate and build 

 workhouses. 



The first workhouse was built at 

 Bristol in 1697. Guardians of the 

 poor were created by Gilbert's 

 Act (1782). A royal commission 

 appointed in 1832 reported that 

 " the great source of abuse was the 

 outdoor relief afforded to the able- 

 bodied either in kind or in money." 

 The Poor Law Amendment Act, 

 1834, followed, and a poor law 

 board was appointed. This was 

 replaced by the poor law board 

 in 1847, and that by the local 

 government board in 1871. In 

 19 19 came the ministry of health. 



All persons apparently destitute 

 who apply for admission to the 

 workhouse must be admitted, 

 either by a written order signed 

 by the clerk to the guardians or 

 by a relieving officer or overseer, 

 or at the discretion of the mas- 

 ter or matron of the workhouse. 



