P.O. P. 



gratuitously. The term is also ap- 

 plied to aregisterol persons en titled 

 to or in receipt of parish relief. 



P.O. P. ( PRINT-OUT PAPER). 

 Paper ued for the production of 

 photographs. It is coated with an 

 emulsion of silver chloride and 

 silver citrate. On exposure to day- 

 light under a negative, it darkens 

 to a reddish colour (i.e. prints out), 

 producing a positive print. It is 

 toned in a solution of a gold or 

 platinum salt, and fixed in a bath of 

 sodium thiosulphate (hypo), which 

 dissolves out the unaffected silver 

 compounds and so renders the print 

 immune from further change in the 

 light. After this fixing process the 

 hypo is removed by long washing 

 in water. See Photography : Self- 

 toning Paper. 



Popayan. City of Colombia, 

 capital of the dept. of Cauca. It 

 stands near the river Cauca, at the 

 foot ot tin Hurace volcano, 5,800 ft. 

 alt. It has a cathedral, bishop's 

 palace, buildings erected for govern- 

 ment purposes, a university, and 

 other educational establishments. 

 A commercial highway runs S. from 

 the city by Quito to Trujillo in Peru. 

 The manufacture of blankets is the 

 chief industry. Founded in 1537, it 

 was important as a gold-mining 

 centre in the 18th century, was 

 nearly wrecked by an earthquake 

 in 1834, and suffered severely in the 

 civil wars. Pop. 18,700. 



Pope, THE (Gr. pappas or 

 papas, Lat. papa, father). Name 

 specifically applied to the bishop 

 of Rome since 1073. The full 

 title of the pope is Bishop of Rome 

 and Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor 

 of S. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, 

 Supreme Pontiff of the Universal 

 Church, Patriarch of the West, 

 Primate ot Italy, Archbishop and 

 Metropolitan of the Roman Pro- 

 vince, and Sovereign of the Tem- 

 poral Dominions of the Holy 

 Roman Church. 



Known also as Pontifex Maxi- 

 mus, he claims supreme authority 

 in all matters of faith. Since the 

 unification of Italy, his territory 

 has been confined to the palaces 

 of the Vatican and the Lateran 

 and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, 

 Rome. Elected by the College of 

 Cardinals, his coronation in S. 

 Peter's includes the laying-on of 

 hands by other bishops according 

 to a rite dating from the early part 

 of the 14th century. His ordinary 

 dress includes a white silk cassock 

 and rochet and a scarlet mantle ; 

 his insignia, the straight crosier, or 

 pedum rectum, pall or pallium, and 

 tiara or triple crown. He is ad- 

 dressed as Your Holiness, Beatis- 

 sime Pater, etc., and refers to him- 

 self as Serws Serwrum Dei, servant 

 of the servants oi God 



Including S. Peter, and the seven 

 occupants of the Holy Catholic See 

 (Clement V, John XXII, Benedict 

 XII, Clement VI, Innocent VI, 

 Urban V, and Gregory XI) who, 

 before the Great Schism, were at 

 Avignon, 1309-77, but excluding 

 the 10 Anti- Popes, and the 4 Popes 

 (Clement VII, Benedict XIII, 

 Clement VIII, and Felix V) whose 

 seat was at Avignon, 1378-1449, 

 there have been 259 Roman Pon- 

 tiffs, the names of those since the 

 Grpat Schism being as follows : 

 POPES OF ROME SINCE 137S. 



U i IMII VI. April. 137b Oct.. 138S 

 Boniface IX, Nov., 1389 Oct., 1401 

 Innocent VII, Oct., 1404 Nov., 1406 

 Gregory XII, Nov., 1406-July, 1415 

 Alexander V, June. 1409 May, 1410 

 John XXIII, May, 1410-May, 1415 

 Martin V, Nov., Hl7 Feb., 1431 

 Euftenius IV, March, 1431- Feb., 1447 

 Nicholas V, March, 1447 March. 1455 

 Oalixtus III, April, 1455 Aug., 1458 

 Pius II. Aug.. 1458- Aug.. 1464 

 Paul II. Aug. 1464 July. 1471 

 Sixtus IV, Aug., 1471-Aug., 1484 

 Innocent VIII. Aug., 1484 July, 149V 

 Alexander VI. Aug.. 1492 Aug., 1503 

 Pius III, Sept.-Oct., 1503 

 J-iliug II, Nov., 1503-Feb., 1513 

 Leo X. March. 1513 Dec., 1521 

 Adrian VI, Jan., 1522 Sept., 1523 

 Clement VII, Nov., 1523 Sept., 1534 

 Paul III, Oct., 1534-Nov., 15*9 

 Julius III, Feb., 1550 March. 1555 

 Marcellus II, April, 1555 

 Paul IV. May. 1555-April, 1559 

 Pius IV. Dec., 1559 Dec., 155 

 Pius V, Jan., 1566-May, 1572 

 Gregory XIII, Ma.v. 1572 April. 1585 

 Sixtus V. April. 1585-Ang., 1590 

 Urban VII, Sept., 1590 

 Gregory XIV, Dec.. 1590-Oct., 1591 

 Innocent IX. Oct. Dec.. 1591 

 Clement VIII. Jan.. 1592 March. 1605 

 Leo XI. April, 1605 

 Paul V. May, 1605-Jan., 1621 

 Gregory XV, Feb.. 1621 July 1623 

 Urban VIII, Aug.. 1623-July, 1644 

 Innocent X, Sept.. 1644 Jan.. 1655 

 Alexander VII. April, 1655-May. 1667 

 Clement IX. June. 1667 Dec., 1669 

 Clement X. April, 1670-July, 1676 

 Innocent XI. Sept., 1676 Aug., 1689 

 Alexander VIII. Oct., 1689-Feb., 1691 

 Innocent XII, July, 1691- Sept., 1700 

 Clement XI. Nov.. 1700-March, 1721 

 Innocent XTII, May, 1721-March, 1724 

 Benedict XIII, May, 1724 Feb.. 1730 

 Clement XII, July, 1730-Feb.. 1740 

 Benedict XIV. Aug., 1740-May, 1758 

 Clement XIII. July. 1758 Feb.. 1769 

 Clement XIV. May, 1769 Sept.. 177* 

 Pius VI. Feb.. 1775 Aug.. 1799 

 Pius VII, March. 1800-Aug.. 1823 

 Leo XII, Sept., 1823- Feb.. 1829 

 Pius VTII. March, 1829-Nov., 1830 

 Gregory XVI. Feb.. 1831-Juno, 1848 

 Plug IX. June, 184-Fb, 1878 

 Leo XTII. Feb.. 1878 July. 1903 

 Fius X. AUK., 1903 Aue., 1914 

 Benedict XV., Sept., 1914-Jan., 1922 

 Pius XI, elected Feb. 6, 1922 



The more important popes are 

 referred to separately under their 

 respective official names. The 

 term Black Pope, applied to the 

 general of the Society of Jesus, 

 is derived from his black dress. 

 See Anti-Pope ; History ; Infalli- 

 bility ; Papa ; Papacy ; Rome. 



Pope, ALEXANDER (1688-1744). 

 English poet and satirist. He was 

 born May 21, 1688, in Lombard 

 Street, London, where his father 

 was a prosperous linen draper. 

 Bred hi the Roman Catholic faith, 

 Pope was denied the privileges of 

 education at a first-class school, 

 but his bent was studious, and 

 he more than made up for im- 

 perfect schooling by his reading at 

 home. Pope's religion also made 

 it impossible for him to enter any 

 of the professions, while a business 



POPE 



life was out of the question for one 

 who was not only weak in health, 

 but actually deformed. His own 

 predilection was for literature, 

 and the fact that his father was 

 financially independent, having 

 retired to a small estate on the bor- 

 ders of Windsor Forest, made it 

 possible for the lad to follow his 

 own inclinations. It is said that a 

 brief interview with Dryden at the 

 age of twelve determined his career. 

 He displayed remarkable precocity 

 in verse writing, many thousands 

 of lines having been written before 

 he was sixteen. All these he de- 

 stroyed with the exception of a 



After II. Hudson 



translation of The Thebaid of 

 Statius and the Pastorals. 



By the time he was twenty-four 

 he had come to be regarded as the 

 leading poet of his time. His repu- 

 tation was made first by his Essay 

 on Criticism, 1711, a didactic poem 

 on the canons of literary taste and 

 style, and secondly by The Rape of 

 the Lock (q.v.), 1712, a brilliant 

 satire on the fashionable life of his 

 time. The poem brought him 

 great fame, with an interesting 

 circle of literary friends, including 

 Gay, Addison, and Swift. Pope be- 

 came a member of the Scriblerus 

 literary club, formed under the 

 presidency of Swift. 



The task of translating Homer 

 into rhyming pentameters now be- 

 came the main occupation of Pope's 

 life, the first part of the Iliad 

 appearing in 1715, the last part of 

 the Odyssey in 1725. The trans- 

 lations were most favourably re- 

 ceived, but the real spirit of Homer 

 is lacking. Pope received some 

 10,000 for the work, and the money 



