POPULATION 



6257 



POPULATION 



1912-1914 ; (2) the war losses ; (3) 

 the loss of births through the war. 

 In 1918 the excess of births over 

 deaths fell to as low as 50,800. 



The census of 1921 showed a 

 check in the growth of Greater 

 London and an actual fall in the 

 population of the city and adminis- 

 trative county of London. The 

 population of the L.C.C. area 

 (74,850 acres) fell from 4,521,685 

 in 1911 to 4,483,249 in 1921, or by 

 0-9 p.c. The outer ring (368,599 

 acres) grew in population from 

 2,729,673 to 2,992,919, or by 9'6 

 p.c. Greater London as a whole 

 (443,449 acres) grew in 1911-21 

 from 7,251,358 to 7,476,168, or by 

 3-1 p.c. ; in the ten years 1901-11 

 it grew by 10'2 p.c. 



In point of size next to the 

 metropolis the chief towns are : 

 Glasgow, 1,034,069 ; Birmingham, 

 919,438; Liverpool, 803,118; Man- 

 chester, 730,551 ; Sheffield, 490,724 ; 

 Leeds, 458,320; Edinburgh, 420,281. 



The British population, in com- 

 mon with that of other European 

 nations, has long shown an excess 

 of females over males. In 1821 the 

 excess of females in the United 

 Kingdom was 500,000; in 1851, 

 600,000 ; in 1911, 1,400,000. For 

 1921 in Great Britain alone the fe- 

 male preponderance was 1,720,802 

 as compared with 1,179,276 in 

 1911, the figures being greater in 

 urban districts (1,114 females to 

 1,000 males) than in rural districts 

 (1,025 females to 1,000 males). 



These figures do not, as is some- 

 times said, correspond to a surplus 

 of marriageable females. The cause 

 of the excess of females is to be 

 found in (1) the higher mortality 

 of male infants ; (2) the higher 

 degree of risk to which men are 

 exposed ; and (3) the greater emi- 

 gration of men than of women. 



As regards occupations of the 

 British people, a summary for 1911, 

 compared with 1901, is as follows, 

 the figures representing millions : 



The 20,200,000 persons occupied 

 for gain in 1911 were : 14,300,000 

 males, and 5,900,000 females. The 

 chief occupations in which males 

 held a preponderance were : 



Agriculture: males, 2,143.000; fe- 

 males, 119,000 ; total 2,262,000. 



Metals, machines, etc. : males, 

 1,672,000; females, 94,000; total 

 1,766,000. 



Transport: males, 1,659,000; fe- 

 males, 39,000 ; total 1,698,000. 



Mines and quarries : males, 1,206,000 ; 

 females, 8,000 ; total 1,214,000. 



Building, road-making, etc. : males, 

 1,208,000 ; females, 5,000 ; total 

 1,213,000. 



Food, tobacco, drink, and lodging : 

 males, 1,070,000 ; females, 540,000 ; 

 total 1,616,000. 



Among occupitions in which fe- 

 males held a preponderance were : 



Domestic service (including laundry 

 work) : females, 2,043,000 ; males, 

 185,000 : total 2,228,000. 



Textiles : females, 938,000 ; males, 

 676,000 ; total 1,614,000. 



Dressmaking, etc. : females, 898,000 : 

 males, 511,000 ; total 1,409,000. 



Men solely were employed in 

 defence, and the number of soldiers 

 and sailors in the country on Census 

 night, 1911, was 251,000. The 

 central government employed 

 202,000 persons, and local authori- 

 ties, 154,000, including police. 



The other groups of the official 

 analysis are : professions, 864,000 ; 

 commerce, 944,000 ; fisheries, 

 62,000 ; jewelry, watches, instru- 

 ments, and games, 254,000 ; wood, 

 furniture, etc., 333,000; bricks, 

 cement, pottery, glass, 1 88,000 ; 

 chemicals, soap, oils, etc., 204,000 ; 

 skins, leather, etc., 125,000 ; 

 paper, printing, etc., 409,000 ; 

 gas, water, drains, 99,000. 



This analysis of the 20,200,000 

 occupied persons of 1911 does not 

 distinguish makers from dealers ; 

 but light is thrown on the number 

 of actual producers by the Census 

 of Production of 1907, which col- 

 lected information from employers. 

 According to this important in- 

 vestigation the number of direct 

 producers of material commodities, 

 including salaried persons, engaged 

 in fields and factories was no 

 more than 10,500,000, of whom 

 8,000,000 were industrial workers, 

 and 2,500,000 agricultural workers, 

 including farmers. 



BRITISH EMPIRE. The popula- 

 tion of the British Empire in 1921 

 was estimated as 



United Kingdom 

 Self-governing Dominions 



Canada and Newf'dland 



Australia 



New Zealand 



South Africa (Union of) 



Other parts of the Empire 

 Indian Empire . . 



Ceylon 



Egypt 



Other possessions 



Grand toral . . 



47,300,000 



9,000,000 

 5,500,000 

 1,300,000 

 5,700,000 



21,500,000 



319,100,000 

 4,500,000 

 13,000,000 

 40,000,000 



376,600,000 



445,400,000 



Taking the population of the 

 world as 1,769 millions, the British 

 Empire, with its 445 million in- 

 habitants, accounts for rather 

 more than one-fourth of the 

 whole. The European population 



of the British Empire is approxi- 

 mately 65,000,000. The greater 

 part of the entire Empire's popula- 

 tion is formed by the Indian 

 peoples, 72 p.c. of the whole. The 

 latest estimate gives a total popu- 

 lation of 449,370,000. 



EUROPE AFTKR THE GREAT WAR 



The Great War made such changes 

 in Europe that precise information 

 cannot yet be given as to the dis- 

 tribution of the population in 1924. 

 The facts of the case so far as they 

 can be estimated may thus be 

 summarised : 



France has now, with Alsace- 

 Lorraine, a population of 

 39,200,000. In 1911, without 

 Alsace-Lorraine, the population 

 was 39,600,000. 



Germany, at the census of 1919, 

 had a population of 60,400,000, 

 including all Silesia. At the census 

 of 1910 the figure was 64,900,000, 

 including Alsace-Lorraine, Danzig, 

 etc. The war has raised the excess 

 of females in Germany, at the ages 

 20-45, to as many as 2,800,000 ; 

 before the war it was about 800,000. 



The Italian estimate above is lor 

 1921 ; the figure 40,000,000 foi 

 the new Italy (1921) may be ac- 

 cepied as a fair estimate 



The splitting up of the Dual 

 Monarchy gives some interesting 

 figures. Austria is reduced to 

 6,000,000; Hungary to about 

 8,000,000. Czecho-Slovakia is esti- 

 mated to number 13,500,000, and 

 Yugo-Slavia to number 11,600,090. 



Rumania, which before the war 

 numbered 7,300,000, by addition 

 of territory now reaches about 

 15,000,000. 



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