PORTUGAL 628O 



1,750 primary 

 schools, many 

 secondary and 

 ecclesiastica I 

 schools and semi- 

 naries, industrial, 

 technical, and 

 commercial 

 schools. There are 

 also colleges of art 

 and music, a 

 naval and mili- 

 tary school. Each 

 district capital 

 and three other 

 towns have state 

 lyceums. 



Army and Navy 



The Portuguese 

 army is a militia 

 raised by con- 

 scription, and is 

 divided into the 

 active, the re- 

 serve, and the 

 territorial army. 

 The peace estab- 

 lishment of the 

 active army is 

 fixed at 30,000 

 men with some 

 2,800 officers. 

 The reserve con- 

 sists nominally of 

 35 infantry regi- 

 ments, 8 squad- 

 rons of cavalry, 

 and 24 field bat- 

 teries, with other 

 units. There are 

 also the Repub- 

 lican and the 

 Fiscal Guards, 

 available for 

 active service in 

 war time. The 

 Republican 

 Guards, number- Portugal. Map of the Republic 



ing 5,000 men, are military police, parts, but agriculture is backward, 

 about 800 being mounted. The nearly one-half of the land being 

 Fiscal Guard is somewhat larger, uncultivated 43 p.c. is waste 

 All adult males from 17 to 45 are 

 liable to serve ten years in the 

 active army, ten in the reserve, and 



ground. Forests cover 19 p.c., or 

 over 4,000,000 acres, with pine, 

 oak, cork trees, chestnut, and 



five in the territorial army. Recruits Pyrenean oak. The vine is the 

 undergo from 15 to 30 weeks' train- most generally cultivated plant, 

 ing, and afterwards a fortnight's, and wine the most important pro- 



annual training. 



duct. In the mountainous regions 



There are in the active army 35 rye is grown, and sheep and goats 



regiments of three battalions, 11 

 cavalry regiments of four squad- 

 rons, and field artillery regiments, 

 mountain and garrison batteries, 

 engineer units, etc. There are over- 

 sea garrisons in the Azores and 

 Madeira, and a colonial army, 

 in Africa, India, etc. The navy is 



very small, almost negligible a bees are reared. 



reared ; in the N., maize and cattle 

 are raised ; in the S., wheat and 

 swine, large herds of pigs fattening 

 in the vast oak forests. Olive 

 trees cover nearly 1,000,000 acres ; 

 figs, tomatoes, onions, known as 

 Spanish, potatoes, oranges, nuts, 

 etc., are grown ; silkworms and 



few small cruisers, old gunboats, 

 transports, ten torpedo boats, and 

 three submarines, 

 is about 6,000. 



INDUSTRIES. The soil is very 

 fertile, except in the mountainous 



Oxen are used for agricultural 

 work and transport. Solid wooden 

 The personnel wheels for the ox-carts, and ploughs 

 formed of branches, are relics of 

 the Roman occupation, while the 

 irrigation machinery and wells are 



PORTUGAL 



reminiscent of the Moors. Fish 

 abound in all rivers and off all 

 coasts ; immense quantities of sar- 

 dines are caught, cured, and tinned 

 for exportation, though not always 

 as Portuguese brands ; tunny fish 

 is largely caught, and oysters are 

 exported. 



Until comparatively recent times 

 Portugal was not a manufacturing 

 country, the Methuen treaty 

 preventing textile manufactures. 

 Since 1892, when protective duties 

 were imposed, cotton spinning and 

 weaving have been firmly estab- 

 lished, the industry now ranking 

 next after fisheries. One distinctive 

 Portuguese industry is the manu- 

 facture of porcelain tiles, called 

 azulejos ; the name and the in- 

 dustry were originally Moorish. 

 There are large cooperages, necessi- 

 tated by the wine trade, and 

 articles manufactured of cork are 

 largely exported. Other industries 

 are silk, leather, glass, paper, and 

 gold and silver filigree manufac- 

 tures. Lace and embroidery are 



also made. Robert Machray 



HISTORY. Portugal had no dis- 

 tinct political existence in ancient 

 or early medieval times. In the 

 10th century A.D. the greater part 

 of the Spanish or Iberian peninsula 

 was in the hands of the Moors. In 

 the second half of the llth century, 

 Ferdinand I and Alfonso VI of 

 Castile drove the Moors to the 

 south, and recovered for Christian- 

 ity the lands as far as the River 

 Tagus. In 1094 Alfonso bestowed 

 the recently annexed province 

 upon his son-in-law, Henry of Bur- 

 gundy, as the county of Portugal or 

 Porto Callo. Henry's son, Alfonso I, 

 a great ruler and warrior, fought 

 valiantly with the Moors, extended 

 his dominions, captured Lisbon, 

 and assumed the title of king in- 

 stead of count in 1140, the year 

 after the famous victory of Ourique, 

 won against the Moors. The status 

 of Portugal as an independent 

 kingdom was recognized by Cas- 

 tile in 1143. 



Growth of the Kingdom 

 The small Portuguese kingdom 

 continued to wage successful war 

 against the infidels, and to prosper 

 under a line of efficient rulers, who, 

 besides fighting vigorously, were 

 not neglectful of the progress of 

 the people. Sancho I was one of 

 the few European monarchs who 

 successfully resisted the claims of 

 domination of the mightiest of the 

 Popes, Innocent III. Portugal was 

 extended to what were practically 

 its permanent limits in the reign of 

 Alfonso III (1248-79), whose pre- 

 decessor, Alfonso II, had been the 

 first to summon the Cortes, or Na- 

 tional Council. Alfonso's successor, 

 Diniz. is regarded as the founder of 



