PRIE-DIEU 



at Padstow, Cornwall, and edu- 

 cated at Liskeard and Bodmin 

 grammar schools, at Westminster, 

 and at Christ Church, Oxford, 

 where lie was distinguished for his 

 scholarship. In 1681 he became 

 canon of Norwich, and from 1688- 

 94 was archdeacon of Suffolk. He 

 succeeded Fairfax as dean of Nor- 

 wich in 1702, died there, Nov. 1, 

 1724, and is buried in the cathe- 

 dral. Among his works are Life of 

 Mahomet, 1697; and The Con- 

 nection, 1716-18. 



Prie-Dieu (Fr., pray God). 

 Small wooden desk for prayers. It 

 has a cushioned kneeling-piece and 

 a sloping shelf for books. The 

 name came into use in the early 

 17th century. See Faldstool. 



Priego de Cordoba. Town of 

 Spain, in the prov. of Cordoba. It 

 stands in a fertile plain, 47 m. S.E. 

 of Cordova, and has a 13th century 

 church. Industries include tan- 

 ning and the manufacture of cotton 

 and silken goods, rugs, and esparto 

 fabrics, while a thriving trade is 

 carried on in oil, wine, cattle, 

 horses, and mules, for which the 

 district is noted. A Moorish strong- 

 hold, it was captured by the Chris- 

 tians in 1226, retaken by the 

 Moors, and finally reconquered in 

 1407. Pop. 17,000. 



Priessnitz, VINCEXZ (1799- 

 1851). German hydropathist. 

 Born at Grafenberg, Silesia, Oct. 5, 

 1799, he became a farmer. Having 

 obtained the idea of the water cure 

 for illness, he practised it on his 

 animals and then on himself. So 

 successful was he that he extended 

 his farm buildings to form a hydro- 

 pathic establishment, the precursor 

 of many others. He died Nov. 28, 

 1851. The system of Priessnitz 

 consisted essentially in the applica- 

 tion of cold water to all parts of the 

 body by bandeges and other de- 

 vices, supplemented by careful diet, 

 exercise, and fresh air. 



Priest (Gr. pre-sbyteroa, elder). 

 Term for a member of the second 

 order of the Christian ministry. The 

 original signification of the word, 

 which is used in connexion with 

 officiating ministers in pagan 

 temples as well as in Christian 

 churches, though not in the Free 

 churches, is doubtful ; but it is 

 used by the English translators j. 

 the O.T. as an equivalent of the 

 Hebrew cohen, which implies one 

 who stands as mediator between 

 hisfellow-men and God. In the N.T. 

 the translators also use the word 

 priest as an equivalent of the 

 Greek hiereus (Lat. sacerdos), 

 sacrificing priest. Though in com- 

 mon use at the beginning of the 3rd 

 century, the word priest (hiereus) is 

 not applied in the N.T. to a Chris- 

 tian minister as distinct from the 



6328 



Christian people. It occurs, how- 

 ever, in reference to Jewish priests, 

 to the priest of Jupiter at Lystra 

 (Acts xiv, 13), and to our Lord 

 (Heb. vii, 16-17; viii, 4). See 

 Clergy ; High Priest ; Holy Orders ; 

 Minister ; Sacerdotalism. 



Priestley, JOSEPH (1733-1804). 

 British chemist. Born at Birstall, 

 Yorkshire, March 13, 1733, he was 

 educated for the Nonconformist 

 ministry. In 1755 he became 

 minister of a church at Needham, 

 removing to Leeds in 1767 and to 

 Birmingham in 1780. During all 

 his life he held theological views 

 which were in advance of the time, 

 but it is as a 

 scientist that 

 Priestley is 

 remembered. 

 He early took 

 an interest in 

 chemistry and 

 electricity,and 

 in 1767 pub- 

 lished his His- 



Electric- 

 ity. He 

 carried 

 out many brilliant experiments with 

 electricity from 1761-70, suggest- 

 ing explanations of certain pheno- 

 mena which required a century 

 to pass for final proof. He 

 turned his attention to chemistry 

 in 1770 ; in 1772 he read his paper 

 on Different Kinds of Air, in which 

 he announced the discovery of 

 hydrochloric acid and nitric oxide. 

 This paper contained a suggestion 

 for saturating water with carbonic 

 acid, a suggestion which led to a 

 new industry, the manufacture of 

 mineral waters. His remarkable 

 discovery of oxygen in 1774 fol- 

 lowed, one of the landmarks in the 

 history of chemistry. Priestley 

 was a strong advocate of the 

 phlogiston theory, and this pre- 

 vented him from realizing the full 

 value of many 

 of his discover- 

 i e s. Sulphur 

 dioxide, silicon 

 t e t r a fluoride, 

 and oth'er gases 

 werediscovered 

 by Priestley, 

 who showed 

 their effect on 

 plants and 

 animals. He 

 died Feb. 6, 

 1804. Consult 

 Works, ed.J.T. 

 Rutt, 1817-32; 

 Life, J. Corry, 

 1804. 



Prig, BET- 

 SEY. Character 



Betsey Prig. From 



a drawing by Fred 



Barnard 



n 

 novel Martin 



PRIMATE 



Chu7.zlewit. An ignorant and brutal 

 monthly nurse, she is the friend and 

 frequent partner of Sairey Gamp 

 (q.v.), sharing her weakness for 

 strong spirits, and distinguished 

 from her by the possession of a 

 beard. 



Prilip. Town of Yugo-Slavia. 

 It is 25 m. N.E. of Monastir, on a 

 tributary of the Crna river. It 

 figured prominently in the Great 

 War, being captured by the Bul- 

 garians on Nov. 16, 1915, and re- 

 gained by the Allies on Sept. 23, 

 1918, after the Serbians had cut 

 the vital Gradsko-Prilip rly. on the 

 previous day. See Serbia, Con- 

 quest of. 



Priluki. Town of S.W. Russia. 

 It is in the govt. of and 150 m. 

 N.W. of Poltava, on the Udai, and 

 on a branch line of the Kiev- 

 Voronezh rly. Considerable trade 

 is carried on in grain and cattle, 

 and there are extensive tobacco 

 plantations in the neighbourhood. 

 Pop. 30,500. 



Prim, JUAN, MARQUIS DE Los 

 CASTILLEVOS, COUNT DE REUS 

 (1814-70). Spanish soldier. Born 

 Dec. 12, 1814, 

 he spent his 

 y o u t h under 

 arms, but was 

 exiled by Es- 

 partero in 1839. 

 Four years 

 later he was in- 

 strumental i n 

 causing that 

 minister's 

 downfall, but 

 was himself exiled shortly after, 

 living in England and France until 

 his return to Spain in 1847. His 

 military services, 1847-60, were re- 

 warded with a marquessate, but in 

 1868, angered at Queen Isabella's 

 favouritism to the Jesuits, he and 

 Serrano led an insurrection, the 

 latter being declared regent. On 

 the election of Amadeo, duke of 

 Aosta, to the Spanish throne, Prim 

 was assassinated, Dec. 28, 1870. 



Primage (Lat. premium, re- 

 ward). Term used in shipping for 

 an allowance made by the shipper 

 to the captain of the vessel for the 

 use of the tackle, etc., in loading 

 and unloading cargo. Now used 

 simply for any addition to the 

 quoted rate of freight, usually to 

 repay the captain for his care, its 

 amount varies from port to port 

 and also in different trades. 



Primate (Lat. primus, first). 

 In England, term applied .to the 

 archbishops of Canterbury and 

 York. It means the bishop highest 

 in rank in a nation or province. In 

 the R. C. church primates are bishops 

 to whose see the dignity of vicar of 

 the Holy See was formerly attached, 

 these including Armagh, Aries, 



Juan Prim, 

 Spanish soldier 



