PROMONTORY 



6354 



PRONUNCIATION 



whom the promise is given is the 

 payee or drawee. The usual form 

 of such a note is : 



London, May 1, 1920. 

 Three months after date I promise 

 to pay Mr. John Jones or order the 

 sum of One hundred pounds for value 

 received. 100. 



(Signed) Septimus Smith. 



As between the drawer ami the 

 payee, if the payee sues on the note, 

 the drawer can always defend on 

 the ground that there has been no 

 valuable consideration, or use any 

 other defence that would be open 

 on an action of contract. But if the 

 payee indorses the note to a third 

 party, called indorsee, the latter 

 can sue the drawer for the money 

 without regard to the original want 

 of consideration. Thus, a pro- 

 missory note is negotiable. Speak- 

 ing generally, a note which has once 

 been indorsed to an indorsee has all 

 the characteristics of a bill of ex- 

 change ; and the drawer and all 

 indorsers are liable to a holder in 

 due course for its face value. 



Promontory. General geo- 

 graphical term for a cape, as Cape 

 Clear, headland, as Beachy Head, 

 point, as Start Point, ness, as 

 Buchan Ness. Promontories vary 

 from sandy spits as Dungeness to 

 the fractured ends of hill-ridges as 

 the North and South Forelands, 

 the eroded fragments of a ridge as 

 the Needles, and to bluff headlands 

 as the North Cape. See Geography. 



Promoter. In a legal sense, one 

 who is a principal, not a subordi- 

 nate or other employee, who alone 

 or with others forms or floats a 

 company or undertaking. A pro- 

 moter conceives the idea of the 

 company, sets out a scheme, pro- 

 cures persons to act as the first 

 directors, causes the memorandum 

 and articles to be prepared, and 

 undertakes to form a company with 

 reference to a given project, and to 

 set it going, and to take the neces- 

 sary steps for that purpose. 



It was declared in 1878 by 

 Lord Chancellor Cairns that a pro- 

 moter stands in the position of a 

 trustee towards the new company, 

 must act in the utmost good faith, 

 and must not make a profit without 

 disclosing it, and if he does make a 

 secret profit, will be compelled to 

 disgorge it. A promoter who issues 

 a prospectus inviting subscriptions 

 for shares is liable for fraud unless 

 he shows that he honestly and rea- 

 sonably believed in the truth of 

 the statements therein contained. 

 The Companies Act, 1908, s. 81, 

 also makes it incumbent on him to 

 see that the prospectus contains 

 the information set out in that 

 section. See Company Law. 



Promptorium (Promptua- 

 rium) Parvulorum (Lat., store- 

 house of the young). The first 



English-Latin Dictionary. Sup- 

 posed to have been compiled about 

 1440 by a Dominican friar named 

 Galfridus (Godfrey) Grammaticus 

 of Lynn Episcopi in Norfolk, it 

 illustrates the language of the 

 period, especially the East- Anglian 

 dialect, and contains numerous ex- 

 amples of medieval Latin. 



Prong Buck. Young specimen of the 

 small North American mammal 



W. 8. Berridge, F.Z.S. 



Promulgation (Lat. promul- 

 gare, to put before the people). In 

 law, the steps taken to make a law 

 known to those who have to obey 

 it. In English law, everybody is 

 deemed to know when a new law 

 comes into operation, and promul- 

 gation is not necessary to its 

 validity. See Proclamation. 



Prong Buck (Antilocapra ameri- 

 cana). North American ungulate 

 mammal. It is usually placed by 

 zoologists between the antelopes 

 and the giraffes. Though only 

 one species is known, it forms a 

 separate family, the Antilocapri- 

 dae. It resembles an antelope, but 

 the horns consist of bony cores sup- 

 porting sheaths which are period- 

 ically shed and renewed. The cores 

 are covered with hairy skin, as in 

 the giraffes. The animal is about 

 36 ins. high at the shoulder, and the 

 pelt is handsomely coloured. The 

 upper parts are chestnut ; the face 

 is almost black, with white cheeks ; 

 and the lower parts and a large 

 patch on the rump are white. The 

 white throat is crossed with 

 brownish-yellow bars. The prong 

 buck occurs only in the W. parts 

 of N. America. 



Pronoun (Lat. pro, for ; nomen, 

 noun). In grammar, a class of 

 words used in place of a person or 

 thing. They are divided into per- 

 sonal (I, you) ; demonstrative, 

 indicating objects (this, that) ; 

 relative (who, which) ; interro- 

 gative (who? which?); inde- 

 finite (any, either) ; possessive 

 (mine, yours). The personal pro- 

 nouns include reflexive (him-, her- 

 self, themselves), and reciprocal 

 (one another). Many languages 

 show a distinction of gender in 

 the demonstrative, relative, in- 

 terrogative, and indefinite pro- 

 nouns, the others having no gender. 

 See Noun. 



PRONUNCIATION: RULES OF SPEECH 



A. B. Gough. M.A., Ph.D.. late of The Oxford English Dictionary 



In this article are outlines of some rules which should serve as a 



useful 'guide to pronunciation. See also Cow sonant ; Larynx; 



Phonetics ; Voice ; Vowel ; and the articles on the letters of the 



alphabet, A, B, C, etc. 



Pronunciation (Lat. -pronuntiare, 

 to utter) is the manner in which an 

 individual or a linguistic group 

 utters articulate words or sounds. 

 There are four principal elements 

 in pronunciation, viz. quantity or 

 length ; stress, accent, or loudness ; 

 intonation or tone ; articulation. 

 Quantity applies to consonants as 

 well as vowels, but is more impor- 

 tant in the latter. English make a 

 greater difference than many lan- 

 guages between long and short 

 vowels. Stress depends on the vol- 

 ume of sound emitted at one time, 

 and has nothing to do with the dura- 

 tion of the sound, although long syl- 

 lables tend to acquire stress. It is 

 very marked in English speech, and 

 is often exaggerated by English 

 speakers of other languages. In- 

 tonation includes the rising or fall- 

 ing in the musical pitch of the 

 \oice. Most European languages 



agree with English in using falling 

 tones for statements, and rising 

 tones for questions, although Swed- 

 ish employs rising tones very ex- 

 tensively. 



Articulation is the production of 

 distinct sounds by the organs of 

 speech. Its scientific study belongs 

 to Phonetics (</.#.). The present 

 article is concerned with practical 

 hints on' the pronunciation f for- 

 eign words. Much greater space 

 and the free use of symbols would 

 be necessary for tiie precise and full 

 treatment of the subject, and the 

 following statements only indicate 

 very roughly the characteristic 

 sounds of some important lan- 

 guages. An ideal alphabet would 

 have one symbol for each sound ; 

 28 vowels and 32 consonants are not 

 heard in standard English, which 

 itself has about 31 sounds. All 

 that can be done here is to omit 



