PRONUNCIATION 



6356 



PRONUNCIATION 



are sounded separately, e.g. Mofee, 

 moh-eez. Final e, es, and ue, ues 

 are silent. 



Nasalised vowels are those fol- 

 lowed by m, n, either final, or 

 before any consonant except in, n. 

 In these syllables the m, n coal- 

 esces with the preceding vowel to 

 form a single nasal sound. Nasal- 

 ised e has two values, viz. en final 

 (but not the preposition and 

 adverb en), which is the short a of 

 Eng. an nasalised, and en before a 

 consonant other than n, which = 

 the Fr. nasalised a. Nasalised i, 

 ai, ei=Eng. short a (as in aw) 

 nasalised. 



Final d, s, t, i, z, are generally 

 silent unless the following word in 

 the same clause begins with a vow- 

 el ; final r is generally silent after 

 e. C before e, i, y=s; 9=8; ch= 

 sh; g before e, i, y=zh ; gn=n ; 

 gu before e, i, y =g hard ; h is silent 

 except in combination; j=zh; 11 

 often but not always=ly; qu=k; 

 s between vowels =z ; th=t ; ti in 

 the endings -tion, -tiel, -tien, etc. = 

 Fr. si; w=v; x=ks or gz, but 

 between vowels =s,z. 



GERMAN. The stress is generally 

 on the root syllable, and in com- 

 pounds on that of the first element, 

 if that is a word in itself. Generally 

 speaking, the accentuation re- 

 sembles that of English. Ae, a= 

 ai (fair); ai=I (fine); au = ow ; 

 au = oi; e final nearly = short b; 

 ei=I (fine) ; eu=oi ; ie medial = 

 ee ; oe, 6=6 ; ue, u=ii ; y vowel 

 =Ger. i, sometimes ii; b final or 

 before a cons, ending the same 

 syllable =p ; c before ae, a, e, i=ts; 

 ch = kh ; chs=ks ; d final=t ; 

 g initial=g hard ; g between 

 vowels=gh (fricative) ; g final= 

 kh ; h is silent between a vowel and 

 a consonant, only indicating the 

 length of the vowel ; h is also 

 ailent when final after a vowel, 

 and between vowels when the 

 following vowel is unstressed ; j = 

 y ; ng is always as in sing ; qu = kv ; 

 B before a vowel =z ; s before p, t 

 =sh ; sch = sh ; th = t ; v=f 

 except between vowels; w=v, but 

 is silent in some names ending in 

 -ow; z=ts. 



DUTCH and FLEMISH. The stress 

 is as in German. Ae (modern Du. 

 aa)=ah ; unstressed e nearly =6; 

 eeuw=ay+Du. w ; ei=long i (as 

 in fine) ; eu=6 ; ie before r=ee ; 

 ij = long i (fine) ; oe=oo ; oo=oh ; 

 ou, ouw=ow; u, uu=u; ui, uy 

 nearly=oi or ah+ii; b, d as in 

 German, but d between oe, 6, ui 

 and a vowel =y ; g initial =kh, 

 otherwise nearly as in Ger. ; j=y; 

 s always =s ; sch before vowels 

 (except the obscure or dull e in un- 

 stressed syllables) =skh, otherwise 

 ach = s; sj = sh ; th = t ; tj = tsh ; 

 w=w without rounding the lips. 



DANISH and NORWEGIAN. The 

 stress is as in German. aa=aw ; 

 se is a close e nearly like Fr. e or 

 Eng. e in bell ; aj=long i; av 

 before a consonant=ow ; ej = 

 long i; <f>, 6=6; 6j = oi; y=u ; 

 c before e, i=s ; ch=k; d, dd 

 between vowels or final=dh; d is 

 silent after 1, n, in the same syl- 

 lable, and before s; f at end of a 

 syllable=v ; g before a, e, i, 6, y= 

 y; gi=y; hj=y; hv=v; j=y 

 cons ; k before e, i, j = tsh ; qv=kv ; 

 sj, sk, skj=sh ; th=t ; z=z, ts, dz. 



SWEDISH. The stress is as in 

 Ger. Aa, &,=aw or o in not; as, ae 

 as hi Dan. ; o final and in some 

 other cases =00, u ; y=ii ; c before 

 e, i, y=s ; dj=y ; dt=t ; f final= 

 v ; g before a, e, i, 6, y, or after 1, 

 r at end of a syllable=y cons. ; 

 g before t=k ; gj=y ; hj=y; 

 hv=v ; j=y; k before a, e, i, 6, y 

 in same syllable nearly =tsh ; Ij 

 initial =y ; qv=kv ; sk initial before 

 a, e, i, 6, y=sh ; sj, skj, stj nearly 

 =sh; tj=tsh; z=s. 



CROATIAN and DALMATIAN. Ie, e 

 =3 r e ; b, d as in Ger. ; c, cz=ts ; 

 c nearly=ts ; c, cs=tsh ; dj, ds, dz, 

 gj=j ; h=kh ; j=y ; n, nj = n: 

 r is sometimes a vowel ; s=sh ; 

 sz = s; v=f or v; z=zh ; but z 

 final =sh. 



CZECH. The stress is on the first 

 syllable. v Written accents mark 

 length. E=ye ; ey=ay ; ou = o-f- 

 oo ; u = oo ; y=ii ; c=ts ; ck= 

 tsk ; c=tsh; ch=kh ; dasinGer., 

 but di, di=dyi, dyee ; h final =kh; 

 n=n ; r=rzh ; s=sh ; ti, ti=tyi, 

 tyee ; z = zh ; z final =sh. 



POLISH. The stress is usually on 

 the penultimate. Written accents 

 mark length, a, e are nasal vowels ; 

 c=yay ; 6, o are close vowels, ap- 

 proaching oo, u ; y=ii. Con- 

 sonants with the acute accent are 

 palatalised, the sound being some- 

 thing like that produced by a 

 closely following y. C = ts; c = tsh; 

 ch=kh or k ; cz = tsh ; d as in 

 Ger. ; dz j; h=kh; j=y ; l=ly ; 

 barred 1 nearly=w; ri = n ; rz= 

 rah; sz=sh; v=f; w=v; z = zh. 



WELSH. The stress is generally 

 on the penultimate. Ae=long i, as 

 mfine; au=ah+u; aw=ow; ei= 

 long i as in fine ; oe=oi; u=ii; 

 ui=I; w as vowel=oo; y=u as in 

 but. The other vowels have the 

 Continental values. C = k; dd = dh 

 (then); i=v; ff=f; 11 = voiceless 1, 

 i.e. 1 without vibration of the vocal 

 cords, the effect being something 

 like khl or thl, the first consonant 

 being sounded faintly. 



IRISH. The stress is usually on 

 the first syllable, but usage varies 

 locally. Written accents mark 

 length. Vowels have the Continent- 

 al values, except that a, a=aw, o 

 (in not); and that o has a close 



sound, almost like u in but. Com- 

 binations of vowels are very 

 numerous : ai, ea= short a ; aoi 

 =ee ; ea=ah ; ea, eu=ay; ei= 

 short e; eo=short u as in but; 

 eo=yoh ; eoi= oh + short i ; io= 

 ee ; io, ui=short i; iai=ee+ 

 short i; iu=yoo. The consonants 

 b, c, d, f, g, m, p, s, t are aspirated, 

 i.e. turned into fricatives by a 

 following h, representing a point 

 over the letter in the Irish alpha- 

 bet ; thus bh=v ; ch=kh ; mh 

 = v ; ph=f. Bp=b; c = k; dl, dn 

 = 11, nn; dt=d; f is bilabial; g 

 is always hard; gc=g; In =11 ; 

 mb=m; s before or after e, i=sh. 



HUNGARIAN. The stress is on the 

 first syllable. Written accents 

 mark length. A=ah ; a nearly =o 

 in cot ; aj=long i as in fine ; aj = 

 oi ; cs=tsh ; cz=ts; g is always 

 hard, but gy is a palatalised dental 

 somewhat like dy ; j=y ; ly is the 

 palatal ly, almost passing into y ; 

 ny=n; s, ss=sh ; sz, ssz=s ; ty is 

 the voiceless palatal corresponding 

 to the voiced gy (dy), and re- 

 sembles ty ; ts=tsh ; tz=ts; y is 

 never a vowel, but is used to 

 modify the preceding consonant ; 

 zs=zh. 



CLASSICAL NAMES. The pro- 

 nunciation of ancient Greek and 

 Latin hitherto current in England 

 is admittedly conventional, words 

 being pronounced much as if they 

 were English, with the following 

 exceptions : e is never silent ; 

 when final it is always long ; y is 

 always a vowel, and pronounced 

 like Eng. i. The diphthongs are 

 represented by the following 

 sounds, which are not all diph- 

 thongs : ae=ee ; au=aw ; eu= 

 (y)ew ; oe=ee ; Gr. ei = long i; 

 Gr. ou (more often spelt u)=oo. 

 In some words the two vowels 

 form separate syllables, when the 

 second is often marked with the 

 diaeresis, e.y. Phaethon. In other 

 combinations of vowels both are 

 distinct, length being never indi- 

 cated by doubling, e.g. Bootes 

 bo-oteez; J5oeoti'a=bee-5sha. The 

 termination -eus is (1) yewss 

 (Zeus, Orpheus), (2) e-us (Timothe- 

 us), or (3) ee-us (Peneus). The 

 termination -es in personal names 

 is always eez. Ch=k; initial ps, 

 pt=ps, pt, or s, t; sc before e, i, 

 y=s; initial x = z. 



The accent is usually on the 

 antepenultimate, or the first in 

 words of two syllables. In words 

 of three or more syllables it falls 

 on the penultimate, when the 

 vowel of that syllable is followed 

 by two consonants,unless the second 

 alone is a liquid. 



See Introduction to the Study 

 of Language, L. Bloomfield, 1914 ; 

 Language-student's Manual, W. R. 

 Patterson, 1917. 



