PROOF 



PROPAGANDA 



Proof. Term used in English 

 law, and the systems derived from 

 it. It indicates the means whereby 

 a fact is brought to the knowledge 

 of a court of law, so that this fact 

 may be properly taken cognizance 

 of by the court. As a rule the con- 

 tents of a document are proved by 

 producing the document itself. A 

 copy -f~ i not be received in proof 

 unless either (a) the original is 

 proved to be lost or destroyed ; or 

 (b) the original is in the hands of 

 the opposing party, who refuses to 

 produce it after due notice. Ex- 

 ceptions to this rule are to be found 

 in the cases of certain public docu- 

 ments, e.g. a marriage register need 

 not be produced a certified copy 

 is enough. A thing seen or heard 

 must be proved by someone who 

 saw or heard it. See Evidence. 



Proof. In engraving and etch- 

 ing, an early impression on paper, 

 or prints, from the plate or stone or 

 wood block. Trial proofs are those 

 printed by the engraver for his 

 own use, as a test of the work. 

 Artists' proofs, which come next, 

 are signed by the artist or the 

 engraver or both. There are also 

 proofs before letters, i.e. before the 

 letters of the title or other inscrip- 

 tion have been added. See Print. 



Proof Correction. In printing, 

 term for the work involved in 

 reading and correcting or altering 

 a proof or impression of printed 

 matter before it is cast or other- 

 wise made ready in a technical 

 sense for the press or printing 

 machine. Every printing office 

 has a department for this work, 

 which is done by men called 

 printers' readers, assisted by copy- 

 holders or reading boys. 



When the copy or MS. has been 

 set up, an impression of the type 

 is taken by means of a hand press. 

 This impression is usually called 

 a galley proof. While the copy- 

 holder reads the MS. aloud the 

 reader, with the galley proof before 

 him, corrects upon it the mistakes 

 made by the compositor or lino- 

 type operator, by the use of such 

 marks as those indicated in the 

 accompanying illustration. Proofs 

 or pulls of the corrected type are 

 known as revises. 



Every author who wishes to see 

 his work accurately produced 

 should make himself familiar with 

 the practical side of proof correc- 

 tion, bearing in mind that while 

 clean copy means a clean proof, 

 clear and neat marking and the 

 avoidance of over-running save 

 labour and prevent vexation. By 

 over-running is meant the re- 

 handling of each line of type 

 caused by the insertion or deletion 

 of words filling less than a line 

 until the end of a paragraph is 



til./ 



Proof Spirit. Alcohol defined, 

 In English Taw/ as having a sdecitic 

 gravity of 12 t% 13 at 51 F. "Such 

 proof spirit must contain 49'24 p.c. 

 by weight, or 57 '06 by volumcBof 

 absolute alcohol y the expression^ 

 over proof and under proof are 

 used in K^ connexion withtaixturea 

 of alcohol and water. Thirty under 

 proof means that 100 volumes of 

 alcohol and water contain 70 

 volumes of proof spirit, Awhile 30 

 over proof means that 100 volumes 

 of (jnixed/spirit) with the proper 

 quantity of water will yield 130 

 volumes of proof spirit!) 



(jpuring the Great War spirits 

 were forbidden to be sold unless 

 reduced to 30 under proof, wmle 

 up to 50 X was" allowed. See 

 Alcohol^- Whisky/ 



Propaganda. Name given to 

 one of the great Roman congre- 

 gations of cardinals charged with 

 the administration of the various 

 departments of the government of 

 the Church. The VCpngregatiol <fe 

 Propagcwda Fide, has charge of all 

 the v missionary operations of the 

 thurcb. It was jgua^gj.by Pope 

 Gregory XIII inVhe'lGtVcentury. 

 The iProflaagjidcr.j College is an 

 institution at Rome for training 

 missionaries. 



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Proof Correction. Examples of the principal marks used in correcting proofs 

 for the press. The paragraphs as corrected appear on this page. Where a 

 new paragraph is to be made the letters N.P. are written in the margin. 

 Underlining a word with three short dashes indicates that it is to be set in 

 capitals ; for small capitals, two short dashes are made ; or the letters may be 

 simply underlined and the contractions caps and s.c. inserted in the margin. 



reached or, by adjustment of 

 Bpaces, the compositor makes the 

 lines even. See Printing , consult 

 also Authors' and Printers' 

 Dictionary, F. H. Collins, 4th ed. 

 1912 ; Rules for Compositors and 

 Readers, H. Hart, 25th ed. 1921. 



Proof Spirit. Alcohol defined, 

 in English law, as having a specific 

 gravity of 12-13 at 51 F. Such 

 proof spirit must contain 49 '24 p.c. 

 by weight, or 57 '06 by volume of 

 absolute alcohol. The expressions 

 over proof and under proof are 

 used in connexion with mixtures 

 of alcohol and water. Thirty under 

 proof means that 100 volumes of 

 alcohol and water contain 70 

 volumes of proof spirit, while 30 

 over proof means that 100 volumes 

 of spirit mixed with the proper 

 quantity of water will yield 130 

 volumes of proof spirit. During 

 the Great War spirits were for- 

 bidden to be sold unless reduced 

 to 30 under proof, while up to 

 50 under proof dilution was allowed. 

 See Alcohol ; Whisky. 



Propaganda. Name given to 

 one of the great Roman congre- 

 gations of cardinals charged with 

 the administration of the various 

 departments of the government of 

 the church. The Congregatio de 



Propaganda Fide has charge of all 

 the missionary operations of the 

 church. It was founded by Pope 

 Gregory XIII in the 16th century. 

 The Propaganda College is an 

 institution at Rome for training 

 missionaries. 



Propaganda (Lat. propagare, 

 to multiply by layers). Literally, 

 things to be propagated. Until the 

 Great War this word was used 

 mainly to denote the dissemination 

 of religious tenets. But with the 

 war came an intensive use of 

 means to influence, first neutral, 

 and then enemy sentiment, and 

 this was given the name of propa- 

 ganda. For a while the Germans 

 employed this weapon with more 

 energy and enterprise than any 

 of the nations opposed to them, 

 but they failed in the imaginative 

 quality needed for success in the 

 art of persuasion. Their efforts 

 failed by their over-emphasis. 



During the earlier part of the war 

 the British attempts to assure 

 neutral nations of the justice and 

 ultimate success of the Allied cause 

 were marred by the same fault. 

 Instead of putting themselves in 

 the places of those whom they 

 desired to convert, and ascertain- 

 ing what kind of argument would 



