PROTEUS 



working religion. This last remark 

 may lead to the reflection that, 

 deep as are the differences between 

 the Protestant and the Roman 

 systems, they are, after all, not 

 differences as to the source of 

 religion. The aggregate number 

 of persons accepting generally 

 the Reformed principles may be 

 reckoned at between 160,000,000 

 and 180,000,000. 



Bibliography. History 'of Protes- 

 tantism, J. A. Wylie, 1874; History 

 of the Reformation and Modern 

 Protestantism, G. T. Bettany, 1895 ; 

 The Principles of Protestantism, 

 J. P. Lilley, 1898. 



Proteus (Proteus anguinus). 

 Genus of amphibians, found only 

 in subterranean waters in Dai- 



Proteus. Blind amphibian of sub- 

 terranean waters, showing the rudi- 

 mentary limbs 



W. S. Berridte, F.Z.S. 



matia, Carinthia, and Carniola. It 

 is eel-like in general appearance, 

 10 to 12 ins. hi length, but has four 

 very small and rudimentary limbs, 

 and retains external red gills 

 throughout its life. The skin is 

 smooth and flesh-coloured, and the 

 eyes are beneath the skin. When 

 the proteus is kept in captivity and 

 exposed to the light, the skin tends 

 to turn black. The animal is 

 totally blind, and is of very slug- 

 gish habits. Pron. Pro-teuss. 



Proteus. In Greek mythology, 

 a sea deity, son of Poseidon or of 

 Oceanus. He had the power to 

 foretell the future, but was always 

 reluctant to exercise it. When con- 

 sulted as to the future, he was in 

 the habit of assuming different and 

 sometimes terrifying shapes. Those 

 who were bold enough to seize him 

 and keep a hold throughout all his 

 changes of form would eventually 

 succeed in getting him to speak. 

 Proteus was supposed to live in the 

 island of Pharos, where he tended 

 Poseidon's flocks of sea-monsters. 



Proteus. One of the two gentle- 

 men of Verona in Shakespeare's 

 play of that name. His name typi- 

 fies his changeableness, for when 

 his friend is banished he woos 

 that friend's love, Silvia, forgetting 

 his own absent Julia, only to re- 

 turn to Julia on her reappearance. 



Protevangelium Jacobi. Work 

 ascribed to S. James, " the Lord's 

 brother " and first bishop of Jeru- 



6365 



salem. Part of the N.T. Apocry- 

 pha, it contains 25 chapters, in 

 which is given a legendary account 

 of the birth of the Virgin and that 

 of Christ. It shows traces of 

 Ebionitic origin, and may have/ 

 been based late in the 3rd century 

 upon an earlier work. See Apocry- 

 pha; consult also Contributions to 

 the Apocryphal Literature of the 

 N.T., collected and edited from 

 Syrian MSS. in the British Museum, 

 W. Wright, 1865. 



Proihero, SIB GEORGE WALTER 

 (1848-1922). British historian. B. 

 Oct 14, 1848, he was educated 

 at Eton and 

 King's College, 

 Cambridge, 

 and was for a 

 time a master 

 at Eton and a 

 university ex- 

 tension lec- 

 turer. In 1876 

 he was made 

 tutor and lec- 

 turer in history 

 at King's Col- """ 



lege, London, a post he vacated in 

 1894 to become professor of modern 

 history at Edinburgh. He remained 

 there until 1 899, when he succeeded 

 his younger brother as editor of The 

 Quarterly Review. Prothero's first 

 historical work was The Life and 

 Times of Simon de Montfort, 1877. 

 He was one of the editors of The 

 Cambridge Modern History, and for 

 four years president of the Royal 

 Historical Society. He was made 

 a fellow of the British Academy, 

 and in 1918 was appointed director 

 of the historical section of the 

 foreign office. Made K. B. E. in 1920, 

 he died July 10, 1922. His brother 

 was Lord Ernie (q.v.). 



Protococcus pluyialis. Simple 

 one-celled microscopic green plant 

 of the natural order Protococcoi- 



Sir G. W. Prothero, 

 British historian 



Protococcus pluvialis. Highly mag- 

 nified specimen of complete plant, 

 shown on left, and, right, plant 

 dividing into four swarm-spores 



deae. It is common in fresh water 

 and abundant in all standing rain- 

 water. It is of spherical form, and 

 of bright green tint with a spot of 

 red sometimes so greatly ex- 

 tended as to make the whole plant 

 appear red. It multiplies by divi- 

 sion of the cell-contents into four 



PROTOPLASM 



or more swarm-spores, each fur- 

 nished with two delicate long 

 lashes by whose vibration they 

 are propelled through the water. 

 They exist as dried-up resting 

 spores on tree-trunks and wooden 

 'fences, revivifying after rain. Red 

 forms cause the phenomenon 

 known as red-snow and blood-rain. 

 It is also known as sphaerella. 



Protocol (Gr. protos, first ; kolla, 

 glue). Originally, a fly-leaf glued 

 on to MSS. to show the writer's 

 name; hence, the original draft of 

 a deed or other document. In 

 diplomacy, the word signifies the 

 rough draft of a transaction, or the 

 original copy of a treaty, etc. ; 

 more particularly it means a diplo- 

 matic convention which does not 

 require formal ratification. In 

 Scotland, a protocol is a register 

 in which notaries are required to 

 enter copies of every document 

 executed by them. See Diplomacy. 



Protogenes. Greek painter of 

 the 4th century B.C. Born at 

 Caunus, in Caria, he worked at 

 Rhodes, where he had a house just 

 outside the city walls, and here he 

 continued to paint tranquilly dur- 

 ing the siege of the city by Deme- 

 trius Poliorcetes, 305-304 B.C. His 

 indifference delayed the capture of 

 Rhodes, since the assailants re- 

 frained from setting fire to this 

 part of the defences, being reluc- 

 tant to destroy the artist and his 

 works. He painted a famous pic- 

 ture of a Satyr playing on a flageo- 

 let, into which he introduced a 

 partridge so life-like that some 

 living partridges were deceived. 

 Pron. Pro-toj-eneez. 



Protogine (Gr. protos, first ; 

 gignesthai, to become). In geology, 

 name given to a granite of gneissic 

 structure. It consists of quartz, 

 felspar, and a greenish mica belong- 

 ing to the sericite or the chlorite 

 family. The name is specifically 

 applied to rocks of this structure 

 found in the Swiss Alps. 



Protophyta. Division of plajit 

 life. The term was adopted by 

 some authorities to include the 

 lowest forms of Algae and Fungi, 

 which are now more generally con- 

 sidered as Thallophyta (q.v.). 



Protoplasm (Gr. protos, first ; 

 plasma, anything formed). Living 

 substance constituting the cells of 

 plants and animals. It is the physi- 

 cal basis of life, the essential and 

 fundamental material of which all 

 cells are composed, and in which 

 the manifestations of all vital pro- 

 cesses occur. Physically speaking, 

 protoplasm is a soft, colourless, 

 viscid, transparent or translucent 

 substance composed of two parts. 



There is a very delicate thread- 

 like network, or reticulum, techni- 

 cally known as spongioplasm. In 



