PROVERBS 



book of Proverbs was added to 

 Bohn's Library, and there has been 

 a later collection by W. C. Hazlitt. 

 The Scots have shown pious care in 

 the preservation of their own pro- 

 verbs. Since David Ferguson's in 

 1641, there have been four collec- 

 tions, in addition to one of Gaelic 

 proverbs, by Macintosh, 1785, and 

 another by Alexander Nicholson, 

 1882. Good French and Italian col- 

 lections are Livre des Proverbes 

 Francais, 1859, and Proverbi Ven- 

 eti, 1S82. Spain, which is rich in 

 proverbial lore, is adequately re- 

 presented in Collins's Dictionary of 

 Spanish Proverbs, 1 822 ; and there 

 are similar collections in Chinese, 

 Japanese, Hindu- 

 stani, Turkish, 

 Persian, Arabic, as 

 well as in Flem- 

 ish, Russian, Ger- 

 man, Dutch, and 

 all other European 

 languages. 



Proverbs, BOOK 

 OF. One of the most 

 important of the 

 books of the O.T., 

 belonging to a class 

 of Hebrew writings 

 called Wisdom Liter- 

 ature. The full title is " The 

 Proverbs of Solomon, son of David, 

 King of Israel" (i, 1). The book 

 is a compilation of wise sayings 

 and proverbs, and not, it would 

 appear, the work of a single writer. 

 Other authors besides Solomon are 

 mentioned, such as Agur, the son 

 of Jakeh (xxx, 1), and King 

 Lemuel (xxxi, 1). To a collection 

 of proverbs known as the Proverbs 

 of Solomon were added presumably 

 other collections of various dates 

 and origins, but the fame of 

 Solomon (cf. I Kings iv, 32), whose 

 name became a symbol for wisdom, 

 led to the retention of the original 

 title for the whole compilation. 



C. H. Joy (The Book of Proverbs 

 1899, in The International Critical 

 Commentary) describes the divi- 

 sions of the book as follows : 

 1, a group of discourses on wisdom 

 and wise conduct, i-ix ; 2, a 

 collection of aphorisms in couplet 

 form, x, l-y.xii, 16 ; 3, two 

 collections of aphoristic quatrains, 

 xxii, 17-xxiv, 22 and xxiv, 23-34 ; 

 4, a collection of aphoristic 

 couplets, xxv-xxix ; 5, a collection 

 of discourses of various characters, 

 xxx and xxxi. All these sections 

 inculcate " certain cardinal social 

 virtues, such as industry, thrift, 

 discretion, truthfulness, honesty, 

 chastity, kindness, forgiveness, 

 warning against the corresponding 

 vices, and praise of wisdom as the 

 guiding principle of life." The 

 philosophy and ethics of the book 

 have much in common with those 



6369 



of the other products of the 

 Wisdom Literature (Job, Ecclesi- 

 asticus, Ecclesiastes, and Wisdom 

 of Solomon). This suggests that 

 the Book of Proverbs as a whole 

 belongs to the post-exilic age. 



G. Currie Martin has contributed 

 a short but scholarly commentary 

 on the book to the Century Bible. 

 See Bible. 



Providence. City of Rnode 

 Island, U.S.A. It is the state 

 capital, the second largest of the 

 New England cities, and the co. 

 seat of Providence co. A seaport, 

 it stands at the head of navigation 

 of Providence river, 45 m. S.W. 

 of Boston, and is served by the 



PROVINCE 



fisheries are valuable. Settled in 

 1636, it was incorporated in 1862. 

 Pop. 21,800. 



Province (Lat. provincia, terri- 

 tory, etymology doubtful). Word 

 specifically applied to the district 

 round about Massilia (Marseilles), 

 which, as Rome's first conquest 

 outside the Italian peninsula, was 

 known as the Province and which 

 is still called Provence. Successive 

 conquests were formed into pro- 

 vinces for administrative purposes, 

 Britain being one, and the term 

 subsequently was used in a wider, 

 more general sense. France before 

 the Revolution was divided into 

 provinces, which at an earlier date 

 had been separate kingdoms or 

 i semi-independent territories. The 

 < dominion of Canada, too, is made 

 ! up of federal provinces, and the 

 term is also applied to adminis- 

 trative divisions in several other 

 countries of the world, e.g. the 

 provinces of S. Africa. 



For ecclesiastical purposes Eng- 

 land and Wales are divided into 



New York, New 

 Haven and Hart- 

 f o r d and other 

 rlys., and by 

 o c e a n-g o i n g 

 steamers. Among 

 the city's promi- 

 nent buildings are 

 the state house, 

 Roman Catholic 

 cathedral, Butler 

 and Rhode Island 

 hospitals, the 

 Athenaeum, and a 

 public library. 



The chief educational institution is 

 Brown University, with fine build- 

 ings, founded in 1764, with which 

 are associated several museums 

 and Ladd Observatory. 'A large 

 quantity of coal is shipped, and 



Providence, Rhode Island, U.S.A. State House, opened 



in 1900 ; top, left, Soldiers' Gate at the entrance to 



Brown University 



three provinces, Canterbury, York, 

 and Wales, each being under the 

 jurisdiction of an archbishop, and 

 the term is also used in connexion 

 with the Anglican Church overseas. 

 Generally, the provinces are 



among the principal manufactured contrasted with the metropolis of 



products are jewelry, cotton, a country. In a figurative sense, 



woollen, and worsted goods, and 



machinery. South of the city is 



Roger Williams Park with a statue 



of Roger Williams, who first landed 



at What Cheer Rock. Providence 



was settled in 1636, and chartered 



as a city in 1832. Pop. 237,000. 



Providence, EAST. Town of 



province means the proper sphere 

 or function of a person or body 

 of persons, e.g. " That is not within 

 the province of the legislature." 



Province Wellesley. That 

 portion of the colony of Penang 

 lying on the mainland of the Malay 

 Peninsula. Averaging 8 m. in 



Rhode Island, U.S.A., in Provi-'v-width, it extends along the coast 



dence co. It stands on Narragan- 

 sett Bay and on the W. bank of the 

 Blackstone or Seekonk river, facing 

 the city of Providence. It is served 

 by the New York, New Haven and 

 Hartford and other rlys., and has 

 bleach works and paper mills, be- 

 sides manufactures of wire, chemi- 



cals, and optical goods. Its oyster See Penang. 



for 45 m. facing the island of 

 Penang (q.v.), in the N. part of the 

 Straits Settlements, touching Ke- 

 dah on the N. It produces rice, 

 pepper, spices, sugar, and tobacco. 

 It was taken over by Gt. Britain 

 in 1798. The chief town and sea- 

 port is Prai (q. v.). Area, 280 sq. m. 



O 8 



