PSAMMETICHUS 



6378 



PSORIASIS 



Psammetichus. Name of three 

 Egyptian kings of the XXVIth 

 dynasty, a grecised form of the 

 Egyptian Psamtek. Psammetichus 

 I (664-610 B.C.) secured the 

 throne by favour of Ashurbanipal, 

 but with Greek mercenary aid 

 threw off the Assyrian yoke. His 

 reign was marked by a vigorous 

 renascence of art and handicraft. 

 With Psammetichus III, 525 B.C., 

 whom Cambyses overthrew, the 

 Egyptian empire ended. See 

 \;i iit-rut is ; Tahpanhes. 



Pseudonym (Gr. pseudes, 

 false ; onoma, name). Fictitious 

 name, especially one adopted by 

 writers, artists, and actors to con- 

 ceal identity for legitimate pur- 

 poses, as distinct from an alias, a 

 false name assumed by a criminal 

 to conceal identity. 



In journalism, regarded as a 

 distinct branch of literary activity, 

 pseudonym! ty and anonymity have 

 long been customary, partly 

 because they afforded greater 

 security to free expression of 

 opinion in days when libel law was 

 less precisely denned than now, 

 partly because they prevented the 

 weight of the influence of a 

 periodical publication being di- 

 minished by the attribution of its 

 corporate opinion to any single 

 irresponsible and perhaps pre- 

 judiced individual. Thus in the 

 journals and also in the contro- 

 versial pamphlets of the 18th 

 century, the use of pseudonyms 

 was common. Notable examples 

 are the Junius of Philip Francis, 

 The Spectator, and so through the 

 years to Sylvanus Urban of the 

 Gentleman's Magazine, to the 

 Historicus of Sir William Vcrnon 

 Harcourt, the Toby M.P. of Sir 

 H. W. Lucy, the Claudius Clear of 

 Sir William Robertson Nicoll. 



In the department of creative 

 literature the use of pen-names is of 

 more recent origin. It may be due 

 to a native modesty which, as in 

 the case of George Eliot (Mary 

 Ann Evans), is afraid of failure but 

 not of obscurity, or more rarely, as 

 in the case of Fiona Macleod 

 (William Sharp), to a desire to 

 give an air of reality to a second 

 nature consciously self-experienced. 

 Again, it may be due, as in the 

 case of Lewis Carroll (the Rev. 

 C. L. Dodgson), to a prudent 

 reluctance to allow the world at 

 large to become aware of the 

 existence of another, lighter, side 

 to the nature of one engaged in 

 graver academic or other pro- 

 fessional work. 



PSEUDONYMS AND PEN-NAMES 



Adfter, Max, Charles Heber Clarke- 

 A. K. H. B., Dr. A. K. H. Boyd; 

 A. L. O. E.. Charlotte llaria Tucker; 

 Anstey, F., Thomas Anstey Guthrie; 

 Ape, Carlo Pellesfrni; Ayscough, John, 

 Ht. Rev. Mer. Count B ckerstaffc-Drew. 



Bab, Sir W. Gilbert: Bartimeui, L. A. 

 CoiU Klcci; Bede, Ctithbert, Rev. K. 

 Bradley; Hell. Acton, Anne Bronte ; Bell. 

 Currer, Charlotte Brontt; Bell, ICllis, 

 Emily Bronte ; Bickersta/le. Isaac, Dean 

 Swift; Itijl'ni. Hoica, 3. R. Lowell; 

 Ililliiiu". Josh, Henry Wheeler Shaw; 

 Hirminijluim, George A., Canon James 

 O. II .HUM \ ; Boldretcood, Hull. T. A. 

 Brown; Bon Uaultier, Sir Theodore 

 Martin & W. E. Aytoun ; Bou-en, Marjorie, 

 Gabrlelle Vere Campbell; Boz, Charles 

 Dickens; Braddon, M. E., Mrs. John Max- 

 well; Brettmann, Hans, Charles O. 

 Lrland; B. V., James Thomson. 



Cable, Baud, E. A. Ewart Caran d' Ache, 

 Emmanuel 1'oire; Carmen Sylva, Elizabeth, 

 Queen of Rumania ; Carroll, Lewis, Rev. C. 

 L. Dodgson; Carticriaht, Julia, Mrs. Henry 

 Ad;; Claudius Clear, Sir William Robert- 

 son Nicoll; Connor, Ralph, Rev. Charles 

 W. Gordon: Conway, Hugh. F. J. Fargus; 

 Cornwall, Barm, B. W. Procter. 



Dagonet, G. R. Sims; Dehan, Richard, 

 Clotilde Graves; De la Pasture, Mrs. 

 Henry, Lady Clifford; Democritus, Jun'.or, 

 Robert Burton; Donovan, Dick, J. E. 

 Preston Muddock; Duncan, Sara Jean- 

 nette, Mrs. E. Cotes. 



Egerton, George, Mrs. Golding Brieht; 

 Elia, Charles Lamb; Eliot, George, Mary 

 Ann Evans. 



France, Anatole, Jacques Anatolc 

 Thibault; Francis, M. E., Mrs. Francis 

 Blundell. 



Gift, Theo, Mrs. George Boulger; Gorki, 

 Maxim, Alexei M. PyeJhkov; ti'raham, 

 Winifred, Mrs. Theodore Cory; Gray, 

 Maxwell, Mim M. ' . Tuttlett; Gyp, 

 Comtesse de Martel. 



Haliburton, Hii<?h, James Logic Robert- 

 son; Hay, Ian, John Hay Be'th; Henry, O., 

 Will'am Sydney Porter; Historicus, Sir 

 William Vernon Harcourt; Hobbes, John 

 Oliver, Pearl Craigie; Hope, Anthony, 

 S r A. Hope Hawkins; Hope, Ascott R., 

 R. Hope Moncrieff; Howard, Keble, 

 J. Keble Bell. 



Inaoldsby, Thomas, Rev. R. H. Barham; 

 Tron, Ralph, Olive Schrener; Jofa, Mrs. 

 Mannington Caffyn. 



John o' London. Wilfred Whitten; 

 Junius, still unidentified. 



Knickerbocker, Dietrich, Wash'ngton 

 Irving. 



Lee, Vernon, Violet Pasret; L'lti. Pierre, 

 L. M. Viaud; Lyall, Edna, Ada Ellen 

 Bayly. 



Macleod. Fiona. William Sharp; Malet, 

 Lucas, Mrs. St. Leger Harrison; Markham, 

 Violet, Mrs. James Carruthers; Mathers, 

 Helen, Mrs. Henry Reeves; Meade, L. T., 

 Mrs. Toulmin Smith; Merriman, H. Seton, 

 Hugh Stowell Scott: Mulholland, Rosa, 

 Lady Gilbert; Mulocfc, Dinah, Mrs. Cra'k. 



Nesbit, E., Mrs. Hubert Bland; 'North, 

 Christopher, Pro'. John WMson. 



Ogilvy, Gavin, S!r J. M. Barr'e; O'Rell, 

 Max, Paul Blouet; Ouida, Louise de la 

 Ram6e. 



Page, Gertrude, Mri. Alec Dobbin ; 

 Page, H. A.. Alex. H. Jaop: Paston, 

 George, Em'ly M. Symonds; Phiz, Hablot 

 K. Browne; Pindar, Peter. Dr. John 

 Walcot; Potter, Beatrice, Mrs. Sydney 

 Webb; Powell, Mary. Anne Manning; 

 Prout. Father. F. S. Mahony. 



Q. Sir A. Quiller-Couch. 



Red Spinner, William Senior; Rita, 

 Mrs. Desmond Humphreys; Ross, Adrian, 

 Arthur Reed Ropes; Rucfc, Berta, Mrs. 

 Oliver Onion!; Rutherford, Mark, W. 

 Hale White. 



Safci, H. H. Munro; Sand, George, Mme. 

 Dudevant; Sayver, H. Cyr 1 luai'Ni-ile; 

 Schedrin, Nicolai, M. T. Saltkov; 

 Sedgwick, Anne Douglas, Mrs. Basil de 

 Selincourt; Sharp, Luke, Robert Barr; 

 Sinjohn, John, John Galsworthy; Slick, 

 Sam. T. O. TTal'bii-toi : .Smerfle". C"n- 

 stance, Mrs. Maxwell Armfleld; Spy, Sir 

 Lesl c Ward; Stendhal. Marip-Henrl 

 Beyle; Swan, Annie S., Mrs. Burnett 

 Smith. 



Taffrail, Comr. Taprell Dor! ng; Thack- 

 eray, Anne, Lady Ritchie; Thorne, Guy, 

 Cyril Ranker Gull: Titmarsh. Michael 

 Angela, W. M. Thackeray; Twain, Mark, 

 Samuel L. Clvmens; Tobu, M.P., S'r Henry 

 W. Luiv; Tynan, /Catherine, Mrs. H'nkFon. 



Uncle Remus. Joel Chandler Harris. 



Vedette, Howard Hensrcan; T'oltaire, 

 Francois Marie Arou?t. 



Ward, Art emus, Charles F. Browne; 

 Wiooin. Kate Doualas, Mrs. G. R<gg<: 

 Winter, John Strange, Mrs. H. E. V. 

 Stannard. 



Yorfce, Curtis. Mrs. Richmond Lee. 



Zacfc, Gwendoline Keats. 



Pseudopodia (Gr. pseudes, 

 false ; pous, foot). Zoological term 

 for the projections of the body pro- 

 toplasm in the protozoa by means 

 of which the animal moves about. 

 See Amoeba. 



Psilomelane (Gr. psilos, bare ; 

 melas, black). In mineralogy, a 

 hydrous manganese manganate. 

 Dark grey to black in colour, it is 

 one of the most common of the 

 manganese group of minerals. See 

 Manganese. 



Psittacus (Gr. psittakos, parrot). 

 Small genus of birds of the order 

 Cuculiformes. It consists of the 

 true parrots, natives mainly of 

 Africa. As in all the members of 

 the family Psittacidae, the strongly 

 arched and hooked upper mandible 

 is hinged to the skull, giving the 

 bill great mobility. The tongue is 

 thick and fleshy ; and two of the 

 four toes are turned back and two 

 forwards. The best known ex- 

 ample of the genus is the Grey 

 Parrot (P. erithacus) of Equatorial 

 Africa, whose powers of talking are 

 remarkable. Its general colour is 

 ashy-grey, but the primary wing- 

 feathers are black, and the short 

 tail is red. It is an admirable 

 climber, using its bill as well as its 

 feet. It flies in large flocks at a 

 considerable height, and its wild 

 note is a chattering scream. See 

 Bird ; Parrot. 



Pskov OR PI.ESKOV. Govt. of 

 N.W. Russia. It is bounded by the 

 govts. of Petrograd, Novgorod, 

 Tver, Smolensk, Vitebsk, and 

 Livonia, and its area is 17,000 sq. 

 m. The soil, watered by numerous 

 lakes and streams, is sandy and 

 swampy. Agriculture is the chief 

 occupation, flax, rye, and oats being 

 largely grown ; the lumber trade 

 is valuable. 



Pskov OR PLESKOV. Town of 

 Russia, capital of the govt. of the 

 same name. It stands on the 

 Velikaja and the Petrograd-War- 

 saw rly., 170 m. S.W. of Petrograd. 

 Its tanneries and leather factories 

 are famous, and there is consider- 

 able trade in timber, hemp, and flax. 

 Founded in 965, Pskov was an 

 independent state from 1348 until 

 it was united to Russia in 1510. 

 The old cathedral in the Kremlin, 

 the cathedral of SS. Peter and 

 Paul, and conventual churches are 

 the chief historic buildings. 



Psoriasis (Gr. psora, scab). In- 

 flammatory infection of the skin. 

 It is characterised by patches 

 covered with white or silvery-grey 

 scales. The cause of this common 

 affection is unknown, but here- 

 ditary influences often play a part. 

 The disease is usually first mani- 

 fested in childhood or adolescence. 

 The lesion begins as a small, round 

 papule, which soon becomes white 

 as the scales form. Ultimately, 

 these develop into patches which 

 may be several inches across. 

 After attaining a certain size they 

 often disappear spontaneously, 

 fading first in the centre. The 



