PULEX 



chief work is II Morgante Mag- 

 giore (The Giant Morgante), 1481, 

 a chivalrous romance, the central 

 figure of which 

 is rather Or- 

 lando than the 

 giant whom he 

 subdued. The 

 poem is the 

 first great 

 modern ex- 

 ample of bur- 

 lesque poetry. 

 Luigi Pulci, Lord Byron 



Italian poet translated the 



first canto. See Introduction to Sir 

 A. Panizzi's ed. of Boiardo, 1830; 

 and The Renaissance in Italy, J. 

 A. Symonds, new ed. 1897-99. 



Pules. Genus of insects, includ- 

 ing fleas and chigoes. Pulex irri- 

 tates is the common flea. Irritation 

 from the bites may be relieved by 

 the application of ammonia or 

 dilute solution of carbolic acid. 

 Pulex penetrans, the jigger or chi- 

 goe, is a tropical parasite, the 

 female of which lays its eggs in the 

 skin, leading to the formation of 

 pustules. See Chigoe ; Flea ; Insect. 

 Pulham. Village of Norfolk, 

 England. Pulham Market or Pul- 

 ham S. Mary Magdalene is 3 m. 

 from Harleston, with a station on 

 the G.E. Rly. Pulham S. Mary the 

 Virgin, or Pulham S. Mary, is 

 nearer Harleston, also with a 

 station on the G.E. Rly. There 

 is an air-station at Pulham, estab- 

 lished during the Great War. 



Pulikat. Town of Madras Pre- 

 sidency, India, in the Chingleput 

 dist. It is situated at the S. end 

 of Pulikat Lake, a shallow coastal 

 lagoon of brackish water con- 

 nected to the Buckingham Canal. 

 It was formerly the chief settlement 

 of the Dutch on the Coromandel 

 coast. It is on the coast rly. N. 

 from Madras. Pop. 6,000. 



Pulitzer, JOSEPH (1847-1911). 

 American journalist. Of Jewish 

 descent on his father's side, he 

 was born at 

 Budapest, 

 Hungary.April 

 10, 1847. Going 

 to the U.S.A. 

 in 1864, he 

 served in the 

 1st New York 

 Cavalry during 

 the Civil War. 

 Joseph Pulitzer, In 1876-77 

 American journalist he was corre . 



spondent of The New York Sun 

 in Washington and Europe, and 

 in 1878 he bought The St. Louis 

 Dispatch, which he amalgamated 

 with The Evening Post as -The 

 Post-Dispatch. He acquired in 

 1883, and made a great property 

 of, The New York World. He 

 founded and endowed the school 



6395 



PULLEY 



of journal- 

 ism at Col- 

 umbia Uni- w 

 versity. In his later years 

 he suffered from loss of 

 sight, but retained un- 

 diminished his interest in 

 The New York World 

 until his death on Oct. 29, 

 1911. See The Story of a Page, 

 J. L. Heaton, 1913 ; Joseph 

 Pulitzer, A. Ireland, 1914. 



Pulitzer, WALTER (b. 1878). 

 American author and publisher. 

 Born in New York, April 4, 1878, 

 and educated 

 privately, he 

 founded and 

 edited various 

 periodicals and 

 contributed 

 much verse and 

 fiction to the 

 magazines. His 

 books included 

 a novel, That 

 Duel at the 

 Chateau Marsanac, 1899 ; A 

 Cynic's Meditations, 1904 ; Cozy 

 Corner Confidences, 1906 ; Medi- 

 tations of a Mean Man, 1911 ; and 

 the Memoirs of his father, Albert 

 Pulitzer, 1911. 



Pulley. Dia- 

 gram showing 

 pulley systems. 

 See text 



free 



Waiter Pulitzer, 

 American author 



Pulkova, Russia. Observatory built by Tsar Nicholas I 

 in 1839 



By courtesy of Melhuen <fc Co. 



Pulkova. Village of N.W. Rus- 

 sia. It is situated on a mountain 

 ridge 10 m. S. of Petrograd, and 

 is the site of the famous observa- 

 tory, built by the tsar Nicholas I 

 in 1839. In the construction of 

 Russian maps the meridian of 

 Pulkova (30 19' 40" E. of Green- 

 wich) is often employed. 



Pullet. Name applied usually 

 to a hen chicken in its first year. 

 The Royal Agricultural Show com- 

 mittee, however, restrict its use 

 to birds hatched in the year of the 

 show held in June. See Ancona 

 Fowl ; Fowl ; Poultry. 



Pulley. Wheel with a flat, 

 convex, or grooved rim, mounted 

 on a shaft or pin upon which it is 



to revolve or 

 which is free to 

 revolve with it. A 

 grooved pulley is 

 for use with ropes or chains, the 

 groove serving as a guide to pre- 

 vent the rope from slipping off. 

 Pulleys with wide, flat, or convex 

 rims are used in conjunction with 

 flat belt driving; a convex rim 

 serves to keep the belt central on 

 the pulley. 



As regards the principle of the 

 pulley, Fig. 1 represents a pulley 

 secured by its block or frame to a 

 beam, with a cord passing over it 

 on the ends of which weights W 

 and W 1 are hung. As the distances 

 d and d are equal, by the law of the 

 lever it follows that W and W 1 

 must be equal in order to balance 

 each other. The same condition 

 applies if the pulley be omitted 

 and the cord passed over a fixed pin, 

 but in practice a 

 I pulley serves to 

 lessen friction the 

 larger the pulley 

 the less the ne- 

 cessary effort to 

 overcome friction 



If, as in Fig. 2, 

 one end of a cord 

 be secured to a 

 beam and passed 

 round the movable 

 pulley A and 

 the fixed pulley B, W will require 

 only half its weight applied at P to 

 balance it, for W is virtually sus- 

 pended by two cords, and half its 

 weight is borne directly by the 

 beam, whilst the pull of the other 

 half W/2 passes over the pulley B. 

 By increasing the number of mov- 

 able pulleys the effort of P to 

 balance W is decreased by one- 

 half for every pulley ; thus in Fig. 

 3, P and W are in equilibrium when 

 P=W/(2x2x2)=W/8. Combina- 

 tions of pulleys are known as sys- 

 tems. Fig. 4 indicates the second 

 system in which the same cord 

 passes round all the pulleys, and 

 in this case W is equally distri- 

 buted between the four cords 1, 2. 



