PULLMAN 



6396 



PULTENEY 



3, and 4, from which it follows that 

 P=W/4. The practical application 

 of this system is seen in blocks 

 and tackle. The first system is 

 illustrated by Fig. 3, in which there 

 is a separate cord for each movable 

 pulley, one end of which is 

 secured to a beam In the third 

 system, shown in Fig. 5, the ends of 

 the separate cords are all attached 

 to the weight, the cord 2 sustains 

 twice the weight of No. 1, the cord 



3 twice that of No. 2, and the cord 



4 twice that of No. 3, and W = the 

 total pull of the 4 cords, or to ex- 

 press it as a formula, W=P + 2 P 

 + 2 s P + 2 3 P = 15 P, whilst the 

 reaction of the beam is given by 

 W + P = 16 P. 



Pullman. District of Chicago, 

 U.S.A. It was founded as a model 

 town in 1880 by G. M. Pullman 

 for the employees of the company 

 he established. Difficulties, how- 

 ever, arose soon after 1889, and the 

 town was made 

 part of Chicago 

 (q.v.). Another 

 Pullman is a 

 city of Wash- 

 ington, 80 m. 

 from Spokane. 

 Pullman, 

 GEORGE MORTI- 

 MER (1831-97). 

 American in- 

 ventor. Born in 

 Chautauqua co., New York, he 

 began business first as a cabinet- 

 maker and then as a building con- 

 tractor. In 1859 he began his 

 designs for a new type of rly. 

 coach, and in 1863 built the first 

 Pullman sleeping- 

 car. He carried 

 out further im- 

 provements in 

 railway carriages, 

 and in 1887 in- 

 vented the corri- 

 dor train and in- 

 troduced dining- 

 cars. From his 

 inventions he 

 made a large for- 

 tune, and founded 

 the model town of 

 Pullman, after- 

 wards incorpor- 

 ated with Chi- 

 cago. See Rail- 

 ways. 



George M. Pullman, 

 American inventor 



Pulp. Word used in a number 

 of senses: (1) Material of which 

 paper is made when ground up 

 and mixed with water. (2) The 

 soft part of any fruit, e.g. the 

 pulp of an orange. (3) In mining, 

 the pulverised ore mixed with 

 water. (4) In dentistry, pulp is 

 the soft sensitive tissue filling the 

 central cavity of teeth. See Den- 

 tistry ; Paper. 



Pulpit (Lat. pulpilum, scaffold, 

 stage, or desk). In ecclesiastical 

 architecture, an enclosed stage or 

 platform, raised above the level 

 of the ground and congregation, 

 from which the preacher delivers 

 his sermon. Some have canopies 

 or sounding-boards. The pulpit 

 in Roman Catholic churches is 

 generally on one side of the nave, 

 often being built against one of 

 the pillars dividing the nave from 

 the north aisle ; the handsomest 

 examples, however, in point of 

 design and carving, are indepen- 

 dent structures. The marble pul- 

 pits of Siena Cathedral and the 

 Baptistery at Pisa, both sculp- 

 tured by Niccola Pisano, are 

 masterpieces. The wooden exam- 

 ples of the Low Countries include 

 many splendid specimens of 

 carving. 



Pulpits for preaching were occa- 

 sionally erected in the open, e.g. 

 the famous pulpit by Donatello 

 attached to the wall of the cathe- 

 dral at Prato. Detached open-air 

 platforms were used in England 

 in the 16th and 17th centuries. 

 See Mahomedan Art ; Pisa ; 

 Preaching. 



JPullman. Exterior and interior of the saloon railway cars run on British lines 



By courleiy of The full man Car Co.. Ltd. 



Pulque. Alcoholic beverage 

 made by the natives of Mexico and 

 Central America from the fer- 

 mented juice of cacti or agaves. A 

 favourite drink with the natives, 

 to Europeans it has a sour, un- 

 pleasant taste. 



Pulse (Lat. puls, meal, pot- 

 tage). Collective term for peas 

 and beans and other leguminous 

 plants and seeds. 



Pulse (Lat. pulsux, beating). 

 Expansion and contraction of an 

 artery, caused by variations in the 

 volume of blood propelled into the 

 circulation at each beat of the 

 heart. The pulse can be felt with 

 the finger in any artery lying just 

 beneath the skin, but is most con- 

 veniently examined in the radial 

 artery a little above the wrist. 



The pulse varies in rate, strength, 

 regularity, and tension, and the 

 character of each of these attri- 

 butes furnishes information valu- 

 able in the diagnosis of certain 

 constitutional conditions, and of 

 various affections of the heart or 

 arteries. At birth the pulse rate is 

 between 130 and 140 beats a minute, 

 and this gradually decreases during 

 childhood, the rate in healthy 

 adults being from 70 to 80. In old 

 age the rate is usually from 65 

 to 70. The average pulse rate in 

 women is a little higher than that 

 in men of the same age. The rate 

 is increased by muscular effort, 

 fever, anaemia, and some other 

 diseases, and is slower than normal 

 in certain diseases of the nervous 

 system. A frequent cause -of ir- 

 regularity in the pulse is excessive 

 tobacco smoking. See Anatomy ; 

 Artery ; Blood. 



Pulteney, SIR WILLIAM PUL- 

 TENEY (b. 1861). British soldier. 

 Born May 18, 1861, and educated 

 at Eton, he 

 joined the 

 Scots Guards 

 in 1881. He 

 served in the 

 Egyptian 

 cam paign of 

 1882, was in 

 Uganda, 1895- 

 97, seeing 

 active service 

 in the Nandi 

 expedition, 



where he won the D.S.O., and with 

 the Guards went through the South 

 African War, remaining with his 

 regiment until 1908, when he was 

 appointed to command the 16th 

 brigade. In August, 1914, he was 

 in command of the 6th Division, 

 which he had held since 1910 ; 

 but was put at the head of the 

 3rd corps, and led it until 1918. 

 In 1915 Pulteney was knighted. 

 He became gentleman usher of 

 the black rod in 1920. 



Sir W. Pulteney, 

 British soldier 



