PUNISHMENT 



64O4 



PUNJAB 



country, and landed in Africa 

 with an army in 204. Hannibal 

 was recalled in the following j'ear, 

 but at the battle of Zama in 202 

 his army was completely defeated 

 by that of Scipio. Ky the terms of 

 the peace concluded shortly after- 

 wards the Carthaginians were 

 compelled to pay an indemnity of 

 2,350,000 over a period of 50 

 years, to reduce their navy to ten 

 ships, and to give up Spain. 



Carthage was thus reduced to a 

 shadow of her former self. Her 

 commercial prosperity, however, 

 began gradually to return, and 



Punishment (Lat. punire, to 

 punish). Infliction of pain or 

 suffering for a misdeed. From 

 early historical times some form of 

 definite punishment of individuals 

 by the state has been recognized. 

 The early forms were based upon 

 the principle of retaliation, i.e. the 

 infliction of corresponding pain or 

 suffering upon those who had 

 caused them. This theory of pun- 

 ishment remained in wide practice 

 until the middle of the 19thcentury, 

 when theories of reparation and pre- 

 vention gradually made headway. 



Such barbarous forms of punish- 



Punjab. Map ot the province in the north-west of India 



this aroused the jealousy of Rome, 

 where there was always a strong 

 party which believed that the only 

 safe policy was the complete de- 

 struction of Carthage. The " De- 

 lenda est Carthago " (Carthage 

 must be destroyed) of the elder 

 Cato has passed into a proverb. In 

 149 occasion was found to pick a 

 quarrel with Carthage, and the 

 third Punic War (149-146 B.C.) 

 began. After a vain endeavour to 

 placate Rome, the Carthaginians 

 took up arms, prepared for desper- 

 ate resistance. No success at first 

 attended the Roman arms, until 

 the arrival in Africa of P. Cornelius 

 Scipio, a descendant by adoption 

 of the conqueror of Hannibal. 

 Scipio brought about the fall of 

 Carthage in 146. The city was 

 razed to the ground, and the terri- 

 tory of Carthage became the Ro- 

 man province of Africa. See Car- 

 thage ; Hannibal ; Rome ; consult 

 also Rome and Carthage, R. B. 

 Smith, 3rd ed. 1883 ; The Second 

 Punic War, T. Arnold, 1886 ; His- 

 tory of Rome, T. Mommsen, Eng. 

 trans., rev. ed. 1901. j ohn McBatn 



ment as breaking on the wheel, 

 burning at the stake, hanging and 

 quartering, also aimed at making 

 the punishment so terrible as to 

 act as a deterrent to others, but in 

 this they wholly failed, and it is still 

 a matter of controversy whether 

 such punishments as death, flog- 

 ging, etc., are deterrent in their 

 operation or not. In the army and 

 navy punishments have been even 

 more severe, with the object of 

 preserving discipline, than they 

 have in the civilian code. Keel- 

 hauling (q.v.), flogging with the cat- 

 o'-nine tails, and hanging were com- 

 mon up till the 18th century in the 

 British navy, and in 1749 out of 

 thirty-six articles of naval punish- 

 ment no fewer than ten awarded 

 the death penalty without any 

 alternative, and twelve others had 

 death as an alternative. The 

 articles failed through their very 

 severity, and have been mitigated 

 by a number of Acts, as have those 

 of army punishments. 



In recent years additional forms 

 of punishment have come into pro- 

 minence, those of compensation in 



the form of fines, and those involv- 

 ing the deprivation of certain rights 

 of citizenship, e.g. the capacity to 

 hold office. 



The broad theory is that punish- 

 ment should act as a deterrent ; 

 should penalise the offender only 

 and not the innocent ; should be 

 elastic for any particular offence, 

 i.e. should avoid a fixed penalty, as 

 a fine which presses heavily on the 

 poor and has little effect on the 

 rich, and also to enable a varying 

 degree of punishment to be 

 awarded to suit the varying degree 

 of guilt ; and should be such as not 

 to destroy the moral sense of the 

 offender or of those carrying out the 

 punishment. See Capital Punish- 

 ment ; Crime ; Criminology ; Flog- 

 ging ; Penology ; consult also 

 Ancient Law, Sir H. J. Maine, 10th 

 ed. 1906; History of Penal Me- 

 thods, George Ives, 1914. 



Punjab OR PANJAB. Prov. of 

 India. It is the land of the five 

 rivers, Jhelum, Beas, Ravi, 

 Chenab, and Sutlej, which unite 

 as the Panjnad, a left bank 

 affluent of the Indus. ItliesN.W* 

 of the United Provinces, N. of 

 Rajputana and Sind, and E. of 

 the N.W. Frontier Province, de- 

 tached from it in 1901. British 

 Punjab comprises 97,000 sq. m., of 

 which 11,000 sq. m. are highlands ; 

 the Punjab native states cover 

 36,500 sq. m., of which 12,000 sq. 

 m. are highlands ; the highlands 

 being the Himalayan and Siwalik 

 Ranges. N. of the Salt Range be- 

 tween the Indus and the Jhelum is 

 a tableland from 1,000 to 2,000 ft. 

 alt. much dissected by the streams. 

 The plains cover an area almost as 

 large as the British Isles and are 

 usually stoneless, treeless, semi- 

 arid tracts of alluvium. 



The plains comprise five doabs : 

 Jullundur between Sutlej and 

 Beas, Bari between Beas and Ravi, 

 Rcchna between Ravi and Chenab, 

 Chaj between Chenab and Jhelum, 

 and Sind-Sagar between Jhelum 

 and Indus ; the Sirhind Plain be- 

 tween the Sutlej and the Jumna on 

 the high land between the Indus 

 and Ganges river systems ; and 

 Bahawalpur between Rajputana 

 and the Indus-Panjnad-Sutlej. 



Owing to the dryness of the air, 

 the climate tends to extremes of 

 heat in the early summer and frost 

 and cold in the winter ; the mon- 

 soons bring heavy rains in the late 

 summer, and there is a second rainy 

 period in the winter. The Punjab 

 differs from the rest of India in the 

 cold weather rains and the aridity 

 of the plains. The latter has caused 

 the government to construct the 

 finest system of irrigation canals in 

 the world ; the chief of these peren- 

 nial canals are five in number : 



