PUTTKAMER 



64 1 3 



PUYMORENS TUNNEL 



Puttkamer, ROBERT VIKTOR 

 VON (1828-1900). Prussian states- 

 man. Born at Frankfort-on-Oder, 

 May 5, 1828, 

 he studied law 

 at Heidelberg, 

 Geneva, and 

 Berlin, and en- 

 tered the 

 Prussian civil 

 service. He be- 

 c a m e one of 

 the leaders of 



the German 

 R. von Puttkamer, r f : 



Prussian statesman 



party, and held 



a series of important offices, being 

 minister of education, 1866-70 ; 

 and minister of the interior and 

 vice-president of the Prussian 

 ministry, 1886. Disgraced by the 

 emperor Frederick, he returned to 

 power under William II, who made 

 him president of Pomerania. He 

 die*d at Karzin, Pomerania, March 

 15, 1900. 



Putty. Plastic mixture of fine 

 dry whiting or powdered chalk and 

 Unseed oil and usually white lead. 

 It is used by glaziers for fixing 

 window panes, and by painters for 

 stopping nail holes and crevices 

 and irregularities in woodwork. 



Pu Tu OR POOTOO. Narrow 

 island, lyig 1J m. E. of Chusan 

 Island in the China Sea. It is 3J m. 

 long, and only half a mile wide at 

 its narrowest part. The island is 

 consecrated to the Bodhisattva 

 Avalokite9\ r ara (Chinese, Kuan 

 Yin) or goddess of mercy, the 

 guardian deity of sailors. Pu Tu is 

 one of the most celebrated centres 

 of Buddhism, and is visited by 

 thousands of pilgrims from China, 

 Japan, and Korea. Its fame dates 

 back to the 9th century, when a 

 Japanese monk founded a temple 

 here in 858. 



Putuxnayp. Unorganized terri- 

 tory (commissary) and river of 

 Colombia, S. America. It borders 

 on Ecuador, and is in part claimed 

 by that republic and Peru, but its 

 boundaries are not yet defined. 

 It is named from the river Putu- 

 mayo or Ico, which traverses it. 

 The capital is Mocoa. The river 

 rises near Pasto in Colombia, flows 

 E. by S., and unites with the 

 Amazon near Sao Antonio. It is 

 navigable for small craft for 700 m. 



Putumayo Atrocities. Name 

 given to a series of offences in the 

 Putumayo district of Peru, near 

 the Colombian frontier. In 1909 

 allegations were made by an Eng- 

 lish writer of gross ill-treatment of 

 native labourers in rubber planta- 

 tions owned by the Peruvian Ama- 

 zon Company, a British company 

 formed in 1907. After many deni- 

 als from Peru, an official inquiry 

 was made by Roger Casement 



Tonquin, 1885- 



(q.v.) under British Government 

 orders. His report (Cd. 6266), pub- 

 lished in 1912, described the exist- 

 ence of systematic atrocities of a 

 revolting kind, and joint action by 

 Great Britain and the U.S.A. 

 brought the punishment of some of 

 the offenders by the Peruvian 

 government. 



Putz, HENRI GABRIEL (b. 1859). 

 French soldier. He was born at 

 Metz, Jan. 26, 1859, the son of 

 General J. B. 

 H. Putz (d. 

 1903), and was 

 educated at 

 Metz and in 

 Paris. He 

 entered the 

 French army 

 as a lieutenant 

 of artille'ry in 

 1879, saw ac- 

 tive service in 

 Tunisia, 1881 ; 



87; Madagascar, 189~6-99 ; and 

 China, 1900-1 ; was promoted 

 colonel in 1907, and general in 

 1911. At the outbreak of the Great 

 War hs commanded the 28th 

 Infantry Division, and until 

 1915 took part in the operations 

 in the Vosges. In June of that year 

 he was placed in command of the 

 4th army corps. From Dec., 1917, 

 to April, 1918, he was in com- 

 mand, under Petain, of the French 

 troops in the north of France. He 

 became an inspector-general in 

 Aug., 1918. 



Puvis de Chavannes, PIERRE 

 (1824-98). French painter. Born 

 at Lyons, Dec. 14, 1824, he was 

 educated as an 

 engineer, but 

 a visit to Italy 

 determined 

 him to adopt 

 an art career. 

 He studied 

 under Henri 

 Scheffer, a 

 brother of Ary 

 P. Pu vis de Chavannes, Scheffer, De- 

 French painter lacroix, and 

 Couture, but developed a wholly 

 original decorative style of his 

 own. No recognition was given 

 him till 1861, when his two can- 

 vases, War and Peace, were 

 bought by the state. After this 

 he progressed rapidly. In 1876-77 

 he decorated the Pantheon (Paris) 

 with paintings of the childhood of 

 S. Genevieve, and in 1886-88 he 

 completed his great Hemicycle of 

 the Sorbonne. The Marseilles, 

 Amiens, Rouen, and Lyons 

 museums were all adorned with 

 his flat-toned frescoes painted on 

 canvas. He helped to found the 

 New Salon in 1 890, and became its 

 president, 1891. He died in Paris, 

 Oct. 24, 1898. 



Puy de Dome. Department of 

 France. In the centre of the coun- 

 try, its area is 3,095 sq. in. It is a 

 mountainous region, with many 

 extinct volcanoes, the craters of 

 which are rich in oil, lead, and 

 granite. The chief rivers are the 

 Allier, Cher, Dore, and Dordogne, 

 and the highest peak is the Puy de 

 Sancy (6,188 ft.). The Puy de 

 Dome itself is 4,800 ft. high. In the 

 department fruit, rye, and pota- 

 toes are grown, and there are vine- 

 yards, its most fertile part being 

 the plain of Limagne. The depart- 

 ment has valuable coal mines and a 

 number of mineral springs. Cler- 

 mont-Ferrand is the capital. Before 

 the Revolution the department was 

 included in Auvergne, Bourbon- 

 nais, and Lyonnais. Pop. 535,000. 



Puymorens Tunnel. Tunnel 

 of the Pyrenees on the direct route 

 between Toulouse and Barcelona. 

 The Col de Puymorens, 6,295 ft., is 

 on the watershed between the 

 valley of the Ariege in France and 

 that of the Segre in Spain. By an 

 agreement between France and 

 Spain, made in 1907, a rly. was to 

 be constructed on this route ; the 

 most formidable engineering work 

 was the cutting of the Puymorens 

 Tunnel, which is perfectly straight, 

 3J m. long, 14f ft. wide, and 18 ft. 

 high. The engineers, working S. 

 from L'Hospitalet and N. from 

 Porte", met on Dec. 24, 1914. 



Puvis de Chavannes. S. Genevieve 



watching over Paris, one of the 



painter's best known works 



Panthton, Parti 



