QUIBERON 



6444 



QUICKLY 



their land and tne consequent 

 creation of fresh manors, a practice 

 which tended to reduce the chances 

 that such land would revert, owing 

 to the failure of heirs or for other 

 causes, to the king or other over- 

 lord. The law of 1290 provided 

 that if a lord alienated some of his 

 land, the new tenant would hold 

 such land direct from the overlord, 

 to whom it would return in case 

 of escheat. 



Quiberon. Town of France, in 

 the dept. of Morbihan. It stands 

 at the S. extremity of a peninsula 

 which forms the W. land boundary 

 of the Bay of Quiberon, 21 m. S.W. 

 of Vannes. The peninsula is con- 

 nected with the mainland by a sea- 

 wall, and is defended by Fort 

 Penthievre. A railway runs along 

 the peninsula to the junction at 

 Auray. At St. Pierre, on the E. 

 coast, are menhirs and dolmens, 

 and at the N.W., on the mainland, 

 are the remarkable prehistoric 

 monuments of Carnac (q.v. ). There 

 are two harbours, Port-Maria and 

 Port-Haliguen, whence, during the 

 summer months, steamer con- 

 nexion is kept up with picturesque 

 Belle-lle-en-Mer (q.v. ), where Sarah 

 Bemhardt transformed an old fort 

 into a villa residence. 



Quiberon is a convenient point 

 from which to visit the gulf of 

 Morbihan (q.v. ), which is almost 

 landlocked by the peninsulas of 

 Rhuis and Locmariaquer, the 

 channel between which is only half 

 a mile wide. There are firm, fine 

 sands, and a small bathing estab- 

 lishment. On June 14, 1795, some 

 thousands of French emigr6s were 

 landed by a British fleet at Carnac. 

 They hoped to join the peasant 

 revolt against the Convention. 

 There were some veteran Chouan 

 troops under Sombreuil, but the 

 raw volunteers lacked discipline 

 and adequate leadership. Much 

 time was lost in disputes, and 

 though the men fought gallantly 

 at Quiberon and Fort Penthievre, 

 they were defeated by Hoche, a 

 storm preventing the English ves- 

 sels from rendering much aid. 

 Sombreuil and about 900 survivors 

 surrendered under the mistaken 

 impression that their lives would 

 be spared. Sombreuil, Mgr. de 

 Hercc, bishop of Dol, and 20 others 

 were shot at Vannes ; the rest in 

 the Champ des Martyrs at Auray. 



Quiberon Bay, BATTLE OF. 

 Fought between the British and 

 the French, Nov. 20, 1759. During 

 the Seven Years' War the French 

 planned an invasion of England. 

 An army was assembled under the 

 due d'Aiguillon, which was to em- 

 bark at Vannes, convoyed by the 

 fleet of Conflans, while a squadron 

 under Thurot, making a diversion 



against the coasts of Scotland and 

 Ireland, decoyed the English 

 Channel fleet away. 



De la Clue was attempting to 

 join Conflans at Brest, but was 

 utterly defeated by Boscawen on 

 Aug. 18. Meanwhile the troops had 

 been assembled in the neighbour- 

 hood of Quiberon, and on Nov. 14 

 Conflans put to sea from Brest to 

 safeguard the transports if he 

 could. Hawke had been driven to 

 Torbay by a great gale, but the 

 wind that enabled Conflans to get 

 out from Brest brought Hawke 

 also to sea. Quiberon Bay lies 

 about 150 m. S.E. of Ushant, and 

 is protected on the W. and S.W. by 

 the Quiberon peninsula, Belle Isle, 

 and the dangerous rocks of the 

 Cardinals. There Conflans hoped 

 to remain until another gale should 

 blow Hawke from his blockading 

 station to shelter. 



Conflans, making his way to 

 Quiberon, did not suppose that his 

 adversary would risk his fleet amid 

 uncharted and dangerous rocks, 

 with a gale blowing, on a grey day 

 in Nov. But Hawke had measured 

 the hazard. The signal was hoisted 

 for a chase, and the English pressed 

 on through the islands and shoals 

 and towards a lee shore, and, rang- 

 ing on both sides of the fleeing 

 French, each ship fired her broad- 

 side and left the destruction to 

 those who followed. English ships 

 were lost on the rocks, but the 

 French fleet was utterly broken, 

 some ships were captured, others 

 lost or struck, and the flagship, 

 Soleil Royal, was driven on shore 

 and burned. Hawke's victory, 

 which was without precedent, was 

 complete ; the French plan of in- 

 vasion was shattered and the Eng- 

 lish command of the sea assured. 



Quiche OB KICHE. American 

 Indian tribe of Maya stock in S. 

 Guatemala. Now agricultural 

 peasants, they were at the Spanish 

 conquest the most powerful tribe 

 in Guatemala, with a fortified 

 capital at Utatlan. The allied 

 Cakchikel were S.E. of them. In 

 the 17th century a Christianised 

 Guatemalan wrote in Quiche from 

 local tradition an epic entitled Po- 

 pol Vuh, recounting early migra- 

 tions and tribal history. See Maya. 



Quichua . South American Indian 

 tribe and stock in Ecuador, Peru, 

 and Boh' via. In the 1 3th century, 

 led by the Inca clan, they absorbed 

 earlier cultures established by the 

 coast Yunca near Truxillo and by 

 the upland Aymara or Colla round 

 Lake Titicaca. At the Spanish 

 conquest they ruled from Ecuador 

 to Chile, a region 2,500 m. long, 

 with cultural offshoots as far as 

 the Argentine Calchaqui. The 

 llama was domesticated for trans- 



port, the alpaca for wool. The 

 political system was a state social- 

 ism under the autocratic rule of 

 the Inca as priest-king. Roads 

 and bridges betokened a highly 

 systematised government, whose 

 records were kept by quipus or 

 knotted cords. The language is 

 spoken to-day, from Quito to 

 Argentina, by more than 2,000,000. 

 It has given to Europe words like 

 condor, guano, pampa. See Bolivia. 



Quickening. First perception 

 by the mother of the movements 

 of the foetus while in the womb, 

 generally felt about the end of the 

 fourth month of pregnancy. Ac- 

 cording to English law, when a 

 woman who is " quick with child " 

 is sentenced to death, the execu- 

 tion of the sentence must be post- 

 poned until after the birth of her 

 infant. Formerly a jury composed 

 of matrons was empanelled in such 

 cases to determine whether or not 

 quickening had occurred. Such a 

 jury is still legally required, but the 

 matrons are now assisted by a 

 doctor. See Pregnancy. 



Quicklime. Common name for 

 calcium oxide, CaO. It is prepared 

 on a large scale by burning lime- 

 stone (calcium carbonate) mixed 

 with coal in kilns. The limestone 

 loses its carbonic acid gas during 

 the process. The lime-burning 

 process is a continuous one, the 

 limestone and coal being placed in 

 the top of the kiln and the quick- 

 lime raked out at the bottom when 

 sufficiently burnt. 



Quicklime is employed for 

 making mortar and cement for 

 building purposes, and the product 

 made in the manner stated varies 

 according to the quality of the 

 limestone used. The builder dis- 

 tinguishes the quicklime obtained 

 from a pure limestone as " fat," 

 while that from limestone contain- 

 ing magnesia is spoken of as 

 " poor " lime. Slaked lime is made 

 from quicklime by pouring water 

 over it. much heat being evolved 

 during the process. The product 

 known chemically as calcium 

 hydroxide is used for making lime- 

 water and in chemical industry. 



Quickly, MISTRESS NELL. Char- 

 acter in Shakespeare's King Henry 

 the Fourth, King Henry the Fifth, 

 and The Merry Wives of Windsor. 

 In King Henry the Fourth she is the 

 hostess of the Boar's Head, East- 

 cheap. In The Merry Wives she is 

 the housekeeper of Dr. Caius, the 

 confidant of Anne Page's three 

 lovers Slender, Dr. Caius, and 

 Fenton and the go-between in the 

 intercourse of Falstaff with Mistress 

 Ford and Mistress Page. In King 

 Henry the Fifth she has become the 

 wife of Pistol, describes Falstaff's 

 death, and dies in the Spital. 



