RABIES 



submissiveness inculcated by it, 

 and its asceticism. Rabelais' work 

 was translated into English by 

 Sir Thomas Urquhart and Pierre 

 Motteux, 1653-94. Sir Thomas 

 Urquhart translated books i and ii 

 in 1653 ; book iii appeared in 1693, 

 and books iv-v, by Pierre Motteux, 

 in 1694. T%s joint version has 

 been often reprinted, notably in 

 the Tudor Translations, 3 vols., 

 1900. A modern translation, by 

 W. F. Smith, 2 vols., 1893, contains 

 minor writings, letters, and other 

 documents of interest. In con- 

 nexion with the 7th centenary of 

 the university of Montpellier, Nov., 

 1921, M. Millerand, the French 

 president, unveiled, in the garden 

 planted by Henri Quatre, a monu- 

 ment to Rabelais, consisting of a 

 bust and medallions representing 

 Pantagruel, Gargantua, Panurge, 

 and Jean des Entonneurs. Pron. 

 Rahblay. w. H. Hudson 



Bibliography. Lives, W. Bosant, 

 1885; R. Millet, 1892; A. Tilley, 

 1907 ; Rabelais, la Renaissance et 

 la Reforme, E. Gebhart, 1877 ; 

 Readings in Rabelais, W. Besant, 

 1883 ; Rabelais, Sa personne, son 

 g6nie, son oeuvre, P. Stapfer, 3rd 

 ed. 1896 ; The Teacher's Rabelais, 

 G. Hodgson, 1904 ; Literary Por- 

 traits, C. Whibley, 1904 ; Hours with 

 Rabelais, F. G. Stokes, 1905 ; His- 

 tory of the French Novel, 2 vols., 

 G. Saintsbury, 1917-19 ; Rabelais 

 in his Writings, W. F. Smith, 1918. 



Rabies (Lat. rabere, to rave). 

 Disease due to infection by a 

 micro-organism usually conveyed 

 by the bite of a dog. From time 

 to time muzzling orders have been 

 enforced in England owing to the 

 prevalence of rabies, as hi 1919-21. 

 See Dog ; Hydrophobia ; Muzz- 

 ling Order. 



Raby Castle. Seat of Lord 

 Barnard. It is hi Durham, 5 m. 

 from Barnard Castle, overlooking 

 the Tees. The original castle was 

 built by a Neville before 1400, but 

 most of the present building is of 

 somewhat later date. One of the 

 finest specimens of a feudal castle 

 in England, it is surrounded by 

 ramparts and a moat, and has a 

 keep, a machicolated gateway, and 

 some massive towers. The baron's 

 hall is the chief feature of its 

 magnificent interior. In the 17th 

 century it was bought by Sir 

 Henry Vane ; it was later the chief 

 seat of his descendants, the dukes 

 of Cleveland, passing to another 

 Vane, Lord Barnard, on the ex- 

 tinction of the dukedom in 1891. 



Racahout (Fr.). Farina from 

 the edible acorn of the Barbary 

 oak. It is flavoured, and used in 

 much the same manner as arrow- 

 root. Nutritious imitations are 

 made with chocolate, sugar, tapioca 

 and potato flour, and vanilla. 



6454 



Racalmuto. Town of Sicily, in 

 the prov. of Girgenti. It is situ- 

 ated in a hilly district, 13 m. by 

 rly. N.E. of Girgenti, and trades in 

 wine and olive oil. There are mines 

 of quicksilver, sulphur, and salt in 

 the vicinity. Pop. 16,000. 



Racconlgi. Town of Italy, in 

 the prov. of Cuneo. It stands on 

 the river Maira, in a fertile plain, 

 23 m. by rly. S. of Turin. The royal 

 chateau, built in 1570, but since 

 considerably enlarged and restored, 

 has a fine park laid out in French 

 style. The chief manufactures are 

 connected with silk and woollen 

 goods, and there is trade in local 

 produce. Pop. 11,000. 



Race. Term denoting in its 

 widest sense any group of organic 

 beings related through descent 

 from a common ancestor. The 

 specific unity of mankind is im- 

 plied in the phrase "the human 

 race." The primary races are those 

 major divisions of mankind which 

 acquired in a remote past certain 

 distinctive characters, physical and 

 mental, transmitted by inheritance 

 and by that alone. Race accor- 

 dingly denotes breed ; hence 

 language, religion, and other in- 

 cidents of the social environment 

 can never be a test of race. It is as 

 inaccurate to call the Aryan- 

 speaking peoples the Aryan race 

 as it would be to call the followers 

 of Islam the Moslem race. So also, 

 while there is socially an English 

 people, and politically an English 

 nation, there is anthropologically 

 no English race. 



Racial characters include the 

 form of the head and its organs, 

 skin-colour, stature, and other data. 

 They all tend to vary, because there 

 are plastic elements in every human 

 body, but so far as they persist 

 they constitute race. For purposes 

 of classification the most useful 

 character, because the least vari- 

 able, is the hair. This occurs in 

 three main forms ; oval in section 

 and wavy or curly, round in section 

 and lank or straight, riband-like in 



Raby Castle, Durham. South front of the feudal 

 castle, from the park 



II a courlety of Country Life. Ltd. 



RACE 



section and woolly or frizzly. 

 These characters are associated 

 respectively with three types of 

 skin-colour, white, yellow, and 

 black. While, therefore, the colour 

 of the world's peoples varies within 

 wide limits, a rough division into 

 white, yellow, and black races is of 

 practical service. 



Between this minimum classifi- 

 cation and that of J. Deniker, who 

 divided mankind into 30 races, 

 many intermediate schemes have 

 been propounded. Sir H. H. John- 

 ston, in his article on Ethnology, 

 in this Encyclopedia, adopts a 

 fourth class, the Australoid ; Keane 

 separates the American or red race 

 from the Mongolian division ; while 

 Blumenbach took another section 

 from the Mongolian to form a fifth 

 division, the Malay. But both the 

 Amerind and the Malay types 

 originated long after the central 

 Asian Mongolian developed its main 

 characters, and are therefore secon- 

 dary rather than primary. 



The Caucasian or white race 

 prevails in the temperate regions of 

 the Old World except in N. and E. 

 Asia, and also in tropical Arabia, 

 India, Indonesia, and Polynesia. 

 It now dominates also the New 

 World. Its main types are the 

 Mediterranean, Nordic, and Alpine, 

 with remnants of primeval forms 

 such as the Ainu and Toda. 



The Mongolian embraces two 

 sub-races, yellow and red. The 

 yellow sub- race presents three 

 well-marked types : northern, 

 including the Altaian, which has 

 overflowed into E. Europe as far 

 as Lapland, preceded in time by 

 the palaeasiatics and Eskimo ; 

 southern, prevalent in Tibet, China, 

 and Indo-China ; and oceanic, in- 

 cluding Malaysia and Madagascar. 

 The red sub-race embraces all ab- 

 original America south of the 

 Eskimo region. 



The Ethiopian or black race 

 mainly prevails in Africa, S. of the 

 Sahara on the W., S. of the Victoria 

 Nyanza on the E. It embraces the 

 , true negroes of W. 

 , Africa and the 

 Sudan, as well as 

 the Bantu-speak- 

 ing peoples, with 

 Hamitic and 

 therefore Cau- 

 casian admixture. 

 A considerable off- 

 shoot has been 

 planted in the 

 southern United 

 States, West In- 

 dies, Guiana, and 

 Brazil An oceanic 

 or eastern section, 

 which is now nu- 

 merically of little 

 or no importance, 



