RAUDNICE 



of Frederick William III at Berlin, 

 he was enabled to go to Rome. 

 His greatest work was the monu- 

 ment of Fred- 

 erick the Great 

 at Berlin, un- 

 veiled 1851. 

 One may cite 

 also the mauso- 

 leum of Queen 

 Louise at Char- 

 lottenberg, the 

 Durer m o n u- 

 Christian Ranch, ment at Nu- 

 German sculptor remberg, and 



After A. Brnning statUCS of the 



Tsar Alexander, HIiicher,and Maxi- 

 milian of Bavaria. He died at 

 Dresden, Dec. 3, 1857. See Munich ; 

 consult also Lives, F. Eggers, 

 1873-87 ; and, in English, E. D. 

 Cheney, 1893. 



Raudnice OR RATIDNITZ. Town 

 of Bohemia, Czecho-Slovakia. It 

 stands on the left bank of the Elbe, 

 25 m. from Prague. Its castle, built 

 in the 17th century, contains a 

 library of 60,000 vols. and a col- 

 lection of pictures. The town has 

 some small manufactures. It gave 

 the title of duke to the family of 

 Lobkowitz. Pop. 9,300. 



Raurncr, FRIEDRICH LTJDWIG 

 GEORG VON (1781-1873). German 

 historuCh. Born at Worlitz, Anhalt, 

 May 14, 1781, he was educated in 

 Berlin and at the universities of 

 Halle and Gottingen. After serving 

 in the Prussian civil service, he 

 became a professor of history at 

 Breslau, and from 1819 to 1847 

 was professor at Berlin. He was a 

 member of the Frankfort Parlia- 

 ment, 1848, and afterwards of the 

 Prussian diet. He died in Berlin, 

 June 14, 1873. Raumer's most 

 famous work is his History of the 

 Hohenstaufen, 1823-25 ; this was 

 at one time highly popular, but it 

 is now somewhat superseded. He 

 also wrote a History of Europe 

 from the end of the 15th century, 

 1832-50, and books on England in 

 1835, on Italy, and on the United 

 States, all the results of visits to 

 those countries. 



Raunds. Urban dist. of North- 

 amptonshire, England. It is 8 m. 

 from Wellingborough, with a sta- 

 tion on the Mid. Rly. S. Peter's 

 church has a famous spire, 183 ft. 

 high. It contains some old tombs, 

 and has other interesting features. 

 The chief industry is the manufac- 

 ture of boots and shoes. Pop. 3,900. 



Ravaillac, FRANCOIS (c. 1578- 

 1610). French assassin. Born at 

 Angouleme, he was a valet and 

 schoolmaster there, later entering 

 a religious order, from which he 

 was expelled. He claimed to be 

 favoured by various supernatural 

 visions, and, hearing that Henry 

 .TV of France was about to declare 



65OO 



war on the Pope, went to Paris and 

 fatally stabbed the king in the 

 rue de la Ferronnerie, May 14, 

 1610. He was arrested red-handed 

 and put to death by torture on 

 May 27, 1610. 



Rava Russka. Former town of 

 Austria- Hungary in Galicia, now 

 in Poland. It is 33 m. N.N.W. 

 of Lemberg. An old castle is now 

 used as a religious establishment. 

 It gave its name to the battles 

 fought there in the Great War. 

 Pop. 10,000. 



Rava Russka, BATTLES OF. 

 Fought between the Russians and 

 the Austrians, Sept., 1914, and 

 sometimes called the battle of the 

 Grodek line. The fighting took 

 place around Tomasoff, Krasnos- 

 tav, Opolie, Krasnik, Rava Russka, 

 and Grodek. After evacuating 

 Lemberg on Sept. 3, 1914, the Aus- 

 trians, under Auffenberg, with- 

 drew to Grodek. At this time 

 their line stretched from the Dnies- 

 ter on the S. through Grodek N. to 

 Rava Russka and towards Tomas- 

 off, a front of 60 m. Then came a 

 gap in marshy country, in which 

 the Russians were active. 



W. and N. of Tomasoff the 

 Austrian line extended to a point 

 near Krasnostav, S.W. of Cholm, 

 whence W. it ran above Kras- 

 nik, about 20 m. S. of Lublin, to 

 Opolie, and some 30 m. S. of Ivan- 

 gorod, a front of 80 m. Part of 

 the 3rd Austrian army, under 

 Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, had 

 already been transferred to the E. 

 towards Lemberg. To fill the gap 

 about Tomasoff the rest of it was 

 moved across the Vistula, the left 

 wing connecting with the right of 

 the 1st Austrian Army, under 

 Dankl, a portion of which on 

 Sept. 2 had advanced to within 11 

 m. of Lublin, but was beaten back. 

 About the same time the Austrians 

 were defeated by Russky at 

 Tomasoff, and retreated S. The 

 result of this severe reverse was 

 that the Russians drove in a wedge 

 between Dankl on the one hand, and 

 Joseph Ferdinand and Auffenberg 

 on the other. The Russian com- 

 manders took care to widen the 

 gap thus made. 



On the day following the fall of 

 Lemberg a great counter-offensive 

 against Dankl was begun by 

 Ivanoff. He attacked Dankl's 

 centre, which stood W. of Kras- 

 nostav, on Sept. 4, defeated it 

 utterly, and compelled it to retreat 

 in confusion towards the San. 

 Ivanoff struck his next blow on 

 Dankl's left at Opolie on the Vis- 

 tula, and again routed the Aus- 

 trians. Hemmed in between the 

 Vistula and the Russian wedge 

 through Tomasoff, they were 

 pressed relentlessly S. by Ivanoff. 



RAVEN 



For a while the Austrians 

 stopped their retreat and stood at 

 bay at Krasnik, where they were 

 supported by two German divi- 

 sions. Both there and at Sucho- 

 dola the Russians again triumphed, 

 and the enemy resumed his dis- 

 orderly withdrawal towards the 

 San. On Sept. 12 the larger part 

 of Dankl's army reached the San, 

 while the rest of it struggled 

 through the swamp region around 

 Bilgoraj. As they were crossing 

 the San, near its junction with the 

 Vistula, the Austrians were at- 

 tacked by the victorious Russians, 

 and large masses of them, as they 

 were moving over the bridges, were 

 mowed down by Ivanoff 's artillery. 



On the other side of the Vistula 

 a Russian force, which had swept 

 down from Ivangorod, and had 

 kept help from reaching Dankl 

 from the W., had captured Sando- 

 mierz. By Sept. 23 Dankl was 

 driven back to the line of the 

 Wisloka, well behind Przemysl. 

 Meanwhile on the E., at Grodek 

 and Rava Russka, the Austrians, 

 with their German supports, under 

 Joseph Ferdinand and Auffenberg 

 were as heavily and as decisively 

 beaten. First from about Sept. 6 

 the Russians attacked this line 

 from the N. and proceeded to out- 

 flank it, doubling it back on Rava 

 Russka, about which there devel- 

 oped a sanguinary struggle, ending 

 in a Russian victory. 



On Sept. 8 Brusiloff attacked 

 Grodek, and after heavy fighting, 

 the Russians stormed the enemy's 

 main positions with the bayonet, 

 capturing the stronghold on Sept. 

 14. About the same time Rava 

 Russka fell into their possession. 

 In the series of great battles fought 

 after the fall of Lemberg up to and 

 including Grodek the Russians 

 officially estimated that the Aus- 

 trian losses amounted to 250,000 

 killed and wounded, 100,000 pris- 

 oners, and 400 guns, besides vast 

 quantities of stores. The Russian 

 losses were put at less than one- 

 fifth of the Austrian. See Grodek ; 

 Lemberg, Battles for ; Przemysl. 



Ravelin (Ital. rivellino). En- 

 trenchment having two faces form- 

 ing a salient towards the enemy. 

 It is generally used in front of 

 that part of the fortification which 

 has a straight face, but affords a 

 certain amount of flanking and en- 

 filade fire against attacking troops. 

 See Fortification. 



Raven (Corvus corax). Large 

 bird of the crow family. It is 

 found throughout the N. portions 

 of both hemispheres. Its plumage 

 is black with purple reflections, and 

 it is about 25 ins. in length. The 

 beak is notably strong 9-ml mas- 

 sive. The raven was formerly 



