RAWNSLEY 



6504 



RAYNAUD'S DISEASE 



with a station on the Mid. Rly. The 

 chief industries are the making of 

 iron and steel, bricks and pottery. 

 The principal building is the church 

 of S. Lawrence. Pop. 17,000. 



Rawnsley, HARDWICKE DRUM- 

 MONO (1851-1920). British divine. 

 Born at Shiplake, near Henley, 

 Sept. 28, 1851, 

 the son of a 

 clergyman, he 

 was educated 

 at Uppingham 

 and Balliol 

 College, Ox- 

 ford. Having 

 been ordained 

 in 1875, he 

 H. D. Rawnsley, became vicar 

 British divine o f Wray, Win- 



KlliotlAFry d 6 T m 6 T 6, in 



1878, and of Crosthwaite, Kes- 

 wick, in 1883, resigning in 1917. 

 He died May 28, 1920. Rawnsley 

 was known for his efforts to pre- 

 serve the beauties and associations 

 of the Lake* District. He wrote sev- 

 eral volumes on the district, some 

 verse, and other books, including 

 Memories of the Tennysons, 1900. 

 He was hon. sec. of the National 

 Trust (q.v.). 



Rawtenstall. Mun. borough of 

 Lancashire, England. It is 19 m. 

 from Manchester, with a station on 



the L. & Y. Rly. _ 



Cottons and 



woollens, felts 



and slippers are 



manufactured, 



and there are 



coal mines in the 



n e i g hbourhood. 



Owing its growth 



to the industrial Rawtenstall arms 



development of the 19th century, 



it was made a borough in 1891. 



Pop. (1921) 28,381. 



Ray. In geometrical optics, a 

 line of light. It was defined by 

 Newton as the least portion of 

 light that can be propagated or 

 stopped alone. More recently it 

 has been described as the motion 

 of a particle of light ; and is more 

 precisely defined as the straight 

 line in which the radiant energy 

 that produces the sensation of 

 light is propagated to any given 

 point. See Reflection ; Refraction. 



Ray. Name given to many 

 fishes of the elasmobranch order. 

 It includes the sharks, skates, and 

 other forms.. In the rays the 

 skeleton is cartilaginous, the body 

 is flattened, and the pectoral fins 

 greatly expanded. See Skate. 



Ray, EDWARD (b. 1878). Pro- 

 fessional golfer. He played for 

 England v. Scotland in 1906, 1907, 

 1909, and 1910, won the Open 

 Championship, 1912, and the U.S. 

 open championship in 1920. Ray 

 was the author of Inland Golf, 1913. 



Ray OR WRAY, JOHN (1627- 

 1705). English naturalist. Born 

 at Black Notley, Essex, Nov. 29, 

 1627, his 

 father was a 

 blacksmith. 

 He was edu- 

 cated at Brain- 

 tree and Cam- 

 bridge, and 

 became fellow 

 and lecturer 

 of Trinity 

 College. H e John Ray, 



was ordained, English naturalist 

 but in 1862, owing to the Act of 

 Uniformity, he resigned his offices 

 and devoted some time to travel- 

 ling. He wrote accounts of his 

 journeys, both in Great Britain 

 and abroad, and with his friend, 

 Francis Willughby, made extensive 

 collections of flowers and plants. 

 He died at Black Notley, Jan. 17, 

 1705. The results of Ray's investi- 

 gations and studies were published 

 in a number of volumes. In his hon- 

 our the Ray Society was founded in 

 1844. See Memorials of Ray, E. 

 Lankester, 1846. 



Rayah (Arab, ra'iyah, peasants, 

 subjects, from ra'a, to pasture). 

 Term applied in Mahomed an 

 countries to the non-Mahomedan 

 subjects of a Mahomedan sover- 

 eign, who are generally obliged 

 to pay a special tax. In Turkey 

 the rayah are divided into five 

 classes or millets according to 

 their religion, viz. Greeks, Armen- 

 ians, Armenian Catholics, Latins 

 or Roman Catholics, and Jews. 

 See Ryot. 



Rayleigh. Parish and village of 

 Essex, England. It is 7 m. W. by 

 N. of Southend-on-Sea, with a 

 station on the G.E.R. It is men- 

 tioned in Domesday Book, and has 

 a moated mound which marks the 

 site of Sweyn's Castle. Pop. 2,500. 

 Rayleigh, JOHN WILLIAM 

 STRUTT, 3RD BARON (1842-1919). 

 British physicist. Born at Langford 

 Green, Essex, 

 Nov. 12, 1842, 

 he was edu- 

 cated at Trin- 

 ity College, 

 Cambridge, be- 

 ing senior wran- 

 gler and First 

 Smith's prize- 

 man. He suc- 

 ceeded to the 

 title in 1873. 

 Appointed to 

 the chair of 

 experimental 

 physics at 

 Cambridge and 

 director of the 

 y Cambridge 



EdwIrd'Ray, " ^V, -'^i '!? 

 Golf champion 1879, m 1884 



he was president of the British 

 Association at Montreal. He was 

 professor of natural philosophy at 

 the Royal Institution, 1887, a post 

 he held till 1905, when he became 

 president of the Royal Society. In 

 1908 he was appointed chancellor 

 of Cambridge University. He died 

 June 30, 1919. 



On resigning the chair of physics 

 at Cambridge in 1884, Rayleigh de- 

 voted the next ten years to a study 

 of the atomic weights of gases. His 

 researches resulted in the remark- 

 able discovery that the atmosphere 

 contained several, till then, un- 

 known gases. At the meeting of 

 the British Association in 1894, he 

 announced the isolation of one of 

 the gases, argon, by Sir William 

 Ramsay, to which afterwards were 

 added those of neon, crypton, and 

 xenon. In other branches Rayleigh 

 left the enduring mark of his 

 genius, in pure mathematics, hy- 

 drodynamics, aeronautics, elec- 

 tricity, etc., and four volumes of 

 his collected scientific papers were 

 published, 1899-1903. A man of 

 wide interests, Rayleigh made a 

 study of spiritualistic phenomena. 



He was ap- 

 pointed to the 

 Order of Merit, 

 1902, awarded 

 the Royal me- 

 dal, 1882, and 

 Copley medal, 

 1899, of the 

 Royal Society, 

 and in 1904 the 

 Nobel prize 

 for physics. 

 A mural tab- VL 

 lettohimwas 

 unveiled in 



Westminster Abbey, 1921. (See 

 Argon ; Ramsay, Sir William.) 



The barony to which Rayleigh 

 succeeded was created in 1821 for 

 the wife of Joseph Holden Strutt, 

 M.P., an Essex landowner. Their 

 son, John James (1796-1873), the 

 second baron, was the father of the 

 scientist, who, having married a 

 sister of A. J. Balfour, M.P., was 

 succeeded by the son, Robert 

 John Strutt, 4th baron. 



Rayleigh, ROBERT Jo HNSTRUTT, 

 4TH BARON (b. 1875). British 

 physicist. Born Aug. 28, 1875, 

 and educated at Eton and Trinity 

 College, Cambridge, he early showed 

 much of the brilliance of his 

 father, the 3rd baron, to whose 

 title he succeeded in 1919. He 

 made a special study of radium, 

 and contributed to the Proceedings 

 of the Royal and other societies. 



Raynaud's Disease. Localised 

 contraction of the blood-vessels in 

 the extremities, causing the fingers 

 or toes to become cold and white, 

 or " dead." Attacks may be 



