REDRESS 



Redress. Relief or reparation. 

 Redress of grievances was a 

 common phrase during the 

 struggle in England between king 

 and parliament in the 17th 

 century. The House of Commons 

 then established the principle that 

 redress of grievances by the king 

 must precede a supply or a grant. 

 See Charles I ; Petition of Right. 



Red River. Alternative name 

 for the Hong-Kiang (q.v.). a river 

 of S.E. Asia. 



Red River. River of the U.S.A. 

 The southernmost affluent of the 

 Mississippi, it takes its rise near 

 the E. boundary of New Mexico, 

 and flows E. between Texas and 

 Oklahoma and S.E. through Louis- 

 iana. Its chief tributary is the 

 Washita. Some of its waters are 

 carried to the Gulf of Mexico by 

 bayous. It is about 1,500 m. long, 

 and is navigable for 1,250 m. 

 Vessels of 4 ft. draught can ascend 

 to Shreveport, 330 m. up. 



Red River. River of N.America. 

 It rises within a few miles of the 

 source of the Mississippi on the 

 Height of Land in Minnesota, 

 U.S.A., and flows S., then W., 

 and finally N. between Dakota 

 and Minnesota into Manitoba, 

 where it enters Lake Winnipeg 

 after a course of 700 m. It traverses 

 an almost level plain formerly 

 covered by Lake Agassiz ; here 

 wheat is produced in great quan- 

 tities. The river is liable to floods, 

 since the upper ice melts before 

 the more northerly lower ice. It 

 is navigable, from Winnipeg to 

 Grand Forks, and in flood time 

 small steamers are able to navigate 

 one of its branches through Lake 

 Traverse to the Mississippi. Its 

 length is 700 m. 



Red River Settlement. Former 

 colony in Canada, lying hi the 

 valley of the Red River, to the 

 south of Lake Winnipeg, now part 

 of the prov. of Manitoba. It was 

 founded hi 1811-12 by Thomas, 

 5th earl of Selkirk. By 1836 the 

 Hudson's Bay Company had 

 acquired full rights of control in 

 the settlement, but when in 1869 

 the company's rights were trans- 

 ferred to the Dominion of Canada, 

 there was strong opposition among 

 the population of this district, 

 largely of mixed French and half- 

 breed blood. Under the presidency 

 of Louis Riel (1844-85), a pro- 

 visional government was set up to 

 oppose annexation, but the rebel- 

 lion was suppressed by a mixed 

 Canadian and British force dis- 

 patched under command of Colonel 

 Garnet Wolseley (q.v.) f who 

 entered Fort Garry in Aug.*, 1870. 



Redroot. Alternative name for 

 the plant more commonly known 

 as blood root (q.v.). 



6522 



Red Rot (Fames anno&us). 

 Woody fungus of the natural order 

 Polyporeae. It is very destructive 

 to coniferous trees. The visible 

 portion, the spore-bearing body, is 

 evident on the trunks and exposed 

 roots of infected trees as a thick 

 nigged knob, of which the white 

 portion is pitted with the openings 

 of the spore-bearing tubes. The 

 mycelium penetrates the woody 

 tissues and breaks down the cells, 

 reducing them to a soft condition. 

 Redruth. Market town and 

 urban district of Cornwall,England. 

 It is 9 m. from Truro and 63 from 

 Plymouth, with a 

 station on the 

 G.W. Rly. It 

 stands on a hill 

 in the midst of a 

 tin and copper 

 mining district, 

 and most of the 

 industries are 

 connected there- 

 with. Horse and 

 cattle fairs are held. The chief 

 buildings are S. Uny's church, 

 town hall, market house, science 

 and art school, and museum. There 

 is an exchange where .the tin is 

 sold. Near the town is Cam Brea, 

 a rock 749 ft. high, on which are 

 some remains traditionally associ- 

 ated with the Druids, and a ruined 

 building known as Cam Brea 

 Castle. In 1792 gas was first used 

 here for lighting purposes. Pop. 

 10,800. C 



Reds. Term popularly applied 

 to the Bolshevist faction of the 

 Russian revolutionaries in contra- 

 distinction to the Whites. The latter 

 comprised all the counter-revolu- 

 tionary elements opposed to the 

 BolshevistGovernment, i.e. Cadets, 

 Menshevists, Right and Left 

 Socialists, etc. The term originated 



Redruth. Seal of 

 the urban dis- 

 trict council 



Redruth, Cornwall. Ruins of Cam 

 Brea Castle 



RED SEA 



with the Red guards set up by 

 the Bolshevists. See Bolshevism ; 

 Russia; Soviet. 



Red Sea. Arm of the" Indian 

 Ocean. It occupies the trough of a 

 portion of the Great Rift Valley 

 between Arabia and N.E. Africa, 

 and extends from the isthmus of 

 Suez, 1,200 m. to the S.E., to the 

 Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb. At the 

 N. end are two arms, the Gulfs of 

 Suez and Akaba. From 100 to 

 200 m. wide, the coasts are fringed 

 with coral reefs and lined by sandy 

 deserts. Down the middle the 

 channel is usually 3,000 ft. deep ; 

 the deep waters have a uniform 

 temperature of 71 F., the surface 

 waters vary from 77 F. in the N. 

 to 84 F. in the S. Evaporation is 

 continuous, and the hot humid air 

 above the sea is depressing. Since 

 the earliest times the Red Sea has 

 been a marine highway, and has 

 been used by steamers since the 

 opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. 



Owing to its position between 

 Egypt and Arabia, the Red Sea 

 was very familiar to the ancients. 

 It is the most important seaway 

 referred to in the Old Testament, 

 and was crossed by the Israelites 

 in their exodus from Egypt. The 

 exact spot where they crossed the 

 sea is purely a matter of surmise, 

 but in all probability it was near 

 Baal-Zephon. The story of their 

 passage and the pursuit and des- 

 truction of Pharaoh's host is re- 

 counted in Exodus x, 19, and the 

 place reached on the other side is 

 identified as Ayun Musa (Foun- 

 tains of Moses). The Red Sea was 

 known to the Romans as Mare 

 Rubrum, its two arms being called 

 Heroopoliticus Sinus and Aelanites 

 Sinus, the Gulfs of Suez and Akaba 

 respectively. Its historical asso- 

 ciations are linked with those of 

 Egypt (q.v.). The first historic 

 civilization probably entered the 

 land across the desert road from the 

 Red Sea to Koptos. The Red Sea 

 figured in all subsequent invasions, 

 Assyrian, Syrian, Turkish, etc., 

 and has always been a noted com- 

 mercial highway. On Nov. 3, 

 1914, the British warship Minerva 

 bombarded Akaba at the head of 

 the gulf of that name, thus in- 

 augurating the war against Turkey. 

 See Aden ; Africa ; Arabia ; Sinai ; 

 Suez Canal. 



The Red Sea, or Suakin, pro- 

 vince is a province of the Anglo- 

 Egyptian Sudan. It borders the 

 Red Sea and contains the dists. of 

 Port Sudan, Suakin, and Tokar. 

 On the whole it is an arid area ; in 

 Tokar dist. some cotton and durra 

 are grown on irrigated areas. It is 

 crossed by the rly. from Port Sudan, 

 the capital, to Atbara Junction. 

 Area, 27,200 sq. m. Pop. 34,702. 



