REFEREE 



Referee. One to whom any 

 matter or question is referred for 

 decision. The term is applied in 

 several connexions. In law it may 

 mean a person known as an 

 official referee ; a medical practi- 

 tioner appointed under the Work- 

 men's Compensation Act, 1906 ; 

 or a person appointed under the 

 Coal Mines Act, 1911. There are 

 also courts of referees dealing with 

 unemployment insurance under 

 part 2 of the National Insurance 

 Act, 1911. In certain sports, a 

 referee is the official who controls 

 the game or contest while it is in 

 progress. See Arbitration ; Boxing; 

 Football; Umpire. 



Referee, THE. London Sunday 

 newspaper devoted primarily to 

 sport, music, and the drama. It 

 first appeared Aug. 19, 1877, from 

 the offices of The WeeTdy Dispatch, 

 Ashton Dilke and Henry Sampson 

 being joint proprietors. When 

 Dilke died in 1883, his partner 

 became sole proprietor. In Aug., 

 1921, the property was acquired 

 by Robert Donald. Henry Samp- 

 son (1841-91), whose Arthurian 

 pen-name, Pendragon, led the 

 other regular contributors to as- 

 sume similar pseudonyms Cara- 

 dos, Geraint, Dagonet, Galahad, 

 Lancelot, etc. was succeeded as 

 editor by Richard Butler. The 

 contributors have included G. R. 

 Sims (Dagonet), writer of the 

 Mustard and Cress page since its 

 commencement ; J. F. Nisbet, 

 Martin Cobbett, David Christie 

 Murray, A. E. T. Watson, H. 

 Chance Newton, E. A. Morton, 

 E. F. Pugh, Sydney Brookfield 

 (killed in the Great War), J. N. 

 Raphael, and S. R. Littlewood. 



Referendum (Lat., to be car- 

 ried back or referred). In politics, 

 term applied to the reference of 

 laws passed by the legislative 

 authority, or of original legislative 

 proposals, to the electors for ac- 

 ceptance or rejection. The taking 

 of a referendum may be either 

 compulsory, e.g. as to proposed 

 changes hi the constitution of a 

 country, or permissive on the de- 

 mand of a certain number of 

 citizens. 



The system is highly developed 

 in Switzerland, where it is em- 

 ployed in all the cantons except 

 Fribourg, and also since 1874 by 

 the federal government. An inter- 

 esting example of the referendum 

 in practice was witnessed in the 

 final decision of Switzerland to 

 join the League of Nations, with 

 the important reservation of the 

 right to preserve perpetual neu- 

 trality by refusing passage to any 

 foreign troops, even in the service 

 of the league, over Swiss territory. 



Thefederal government had 



6527 



already decided at the close of 1919 

 in favour of joining the league, and 

 in May, 1920, after a lengthy cam- 

 paign of propaganda on both sides, 

 the question was determined by 

 the direct vote of the electors. The 

 margin of votes in favour of joining 

 was substantial, but by no means 

 overwhelming 100,000 out of a 

 total of 700,000 and in the case 

 of the separate cantons it was still 

 narrower ; but the national verdict 

 endorsed that of the federal govern- 

 ment, and Switzerland was forth- 

 with admitted to the League of 

 Nations with full rights. 



In the U.S.A. the referendum 

 in various forms is a recognized 

 part of the machinery of govern- 

 ment in every state and munici- 

 pality, and is being increasingly 

 employed for purposes of general 

 legislation, and to decide questions 

 of local interest, as well as for 

 constitutional matters. It is also 

 employed in Australia, a noted 

 instance being the referendum on 



Refinery. Diagram showing iron 

 refinery. See text 



conscription under the Military 

 Service Act of 1916, which re- 

 sulted in a final adverse majority of 

 91,000 votes. The permissive form 

 of referendum includes the origina- 

 tion of legislation which, if adopted 

 by the direct vote of the electors, 

 must be taken up by the legisla- 

 ture. See Initiative ; Plebiscite. 



Refinery (Lat. re-, intensive 

 meaning; Eng. fine, to purify). 

 Place where metals, sugar, and 

 other substances are purified. Its 

 use is to remove impurities from a 

 more or less raw material, and thus 

 to improve its quality. In metal- 

 lurgy, practically every metal is 

 subjected to a refining process. 

 There comes always a stage in the 

 extraction of the metal from its 

 ores when, while nearly the whole 

 of the gangue or earthy matter of 

 the ore has been separated from it, 

 there still remain traces or small 

 portions of that earthy matter, or 

 of foreign metals, sufficient to 

 render it unsuitable for the chief 



REFLECTION 



purposes for which it is intended, 

 it is the aim of the refinery to 

 remove such impurities. 



The figure shows the working of 

 a typical iron refinery. A is the 

 hearth, B shaft, C, C l tuyeres or air 

 blast nozzles, D, D 1 , D 11 , D 111 air 

 pipes. Air blast regulating valves 

 are at E, E 1 , and F, F 1 are water- 

 cooling pipes to the tuyeres. The 

 refined molten metal is removed at 

 G by a tap hole. 



The term refinery in metallurgy 

 has, however, long been particu- 

 larly associated with the pro- 

 duction of fine qualities of iron ; 

 while before the introduction of 

 Bessemer steel the iron refinery 

 was one of the most important, and 

 an indispensable section of the iron- 

 producing industry. Thus, in the 

 production of sheet iron for the 

 manufacture of tinned plates in S. 

 Wales, the crude pig iron employed 

 was subjected to an elaborate pro- 

 cess of refining in, first, what was 

 called a melting finery, and second- 

 ly, in charcoal fineries, the process 

 being essentially one of puddling. 

 An analogous system, first known 

 as the Lancashire process, is still 

 used in the U.S.A., while the pure 

 Russian and Swedish irons and the 

 fine qualities of Yorkshire iron 

 known for generations under the 

 names of Farnley, Bowling, and 

 Lowmoor are still produced by the 

 aid of the refinery. The Yorkshire 

 refinery consists of a furnace 

 hearth about 4 ft. long, 3 ft. 4 ins. 

 wide, and 1 ft. 6 ins. deep, enclosed 

 by water-cooled jackets, and pro- 

 vided with a tuyere through which 

 air blast, at a high pressure, is in- 

 troduced. See Iron ; Metallurgy; 

 Oil ; Puddling ; Sugar. 



Reflection (Lat. reflectere, to 

 bend back ). In physics, general phe- 

 nomenon occurring in all kinds of 

 wave motion. 

 It is most 

 noticeable i n 

 the case of 

 light. If a 

 beam of light 

 be reduced to 

 a theoretical 

 ray it is re- 

 flected in one 

 direction, and 

 it is said to 

 undergo regu- 

 lar reflection. 

 The point 

 where a ray of 

 light strikes 

 the reflecting 

 surface is the 

 point of inci- 



B 



Reflection. 



Dia- 

 gram showing law 

 of reflection. Ray 

 of light A 3 C 

 makes equal 

 angles ABD, 

 DBC with the 

 perpendicular to 

 the reflecting 

 plane B E 



dence. A perpendicular to the re- 

 flecting surface through this point 

 is called the normal ; the angle the 

 incidentray makes with this normal 



