REFORMATORY SCHOOL 



6532 



REFORMED EPISCOPAL 



country ; and since not a few of 

 his most useful instruments were 

 men with leanings towards 

 Lutheran or Zwinglian doctrines, 

 and the friendship of German 

 Lutherans was for political reasons 

 desirable, the king, without ad- 

 mitting such doctrines, was willing 

 to suffer some small latitude of 

 opinion, but nothing more. 



During the brief reign of Edward 

 VI, the government gave free play 

 to the reformers ; by vigorous 

 ecclesiastical legislation it imposed 

 religious formulas, Protestant in 

 character, and definitely ranged 

 itself upon the side of Protestant- 

 ism ; though the dominating in- 

 fluences gave the formulas an ex- 

 tremely comprehensive character, 

 sufficiently indefinite to cover very 

 wide diversities of opinion. In the 

 next reign Queen Mary endeavoured 

 to recall the country to its old 

 allegiance to Rome. She defeated 

 her own ends by resorting to the 

 fatal method of persecution. The 

 legitimacy of her half-sister and 

 successor Elizabeth could be 

 maintained only on the hypothesis 

 that the papal pronouncement on 

 the so-called divorce of Catherine 

 of Aragon was invalid. Elizabeth 

 therefore was compelled to re- 

 pudiate the papal authority, and it 

 had already become clear that 

 such repudiation was incompatible 

 with the retention by the Church 

 of those Roman tenets which the 

 various Protestant schools had 

 agreed in rejecting. The popular 

 hostility to Rome, confirmed and 

 greatly extended by the Marian 

 persecution, weighed in the same 

 scale ; and with the accession of 

 Elizabeth England was definitely 

 ranged on the Protestant side. 



Bibliography. History of the 

 Papacy during the Period of the 

 Reformation, M. Creighton, 1882- 

 94 ; History of the Popes from the 

 Close of the Middle Ages, 12 vols., 

 L. v. Pastor, Eng. trans. 1891-1912 ; 

 The Era of the Protestant Re- 

 volution, F. Seebohm, new ed. 1894 ; 

 A Popular History of the Reforma- 

 tion and Modern Protestantism, 

 G. T. Bettany, 1895 ; The Reform- 

 ation, J. A. Babington, 1901 ; The 

 Dawn of the Reformation, H. B. 

 Workman, 1901-2 ; Cambridge 

 Modern History, vol. II, 1904 ; A 

 History of the Reformation, T. M. 

 Lindsay, 2nd ed. 1907-8. 



Reformatory School. State- 

 aided institution at which offenders 

 between the agea of 12 and 19 

 years are lodged, and receive in- 

 dustrial training to equip them 

 for useful citizenship. 



Until towards the end of the 

 18th century, the law in Great 

 Britain had no consideration for 

 juvenile delinquents. Children 

 who infringed it were punished 



like their elders, and prison in- 

 fluences were allowed to complete 

 the ruin that thieves' seminaries 

 or the streets had begun. At the 

 beginning of the 19th century 

 careful estimates revealed that in 

 London alone 6,000 boys and girls 

 were expert professional thieves ; 

 more than half the criminal popu- 

 lation had adopted that mode of life 

 before the age of 15 ; and many 

 children under 14 years had already 

 undergone two or three sentences. 

 Meanwhile, the conviction was 

 slowly growing that these child 

 offenders were the victims of 



Reform Clot, London. House in 

 Pall Mall of the famous Liberal club 



their surroundings, and that not 

 punishment but rescue was the 

 remedy. Private charity was in- 

 voked to establish homes for their 

 reformation, and the secretary of 

 state was induced to grant con- 

 ditional pardons to young con- 

 victs whilst resident in these 

 shelters. The Philanthropic So- 

 ciety's farm school at Redhill, 

 founded in 1788, was perhaps the 

 earliest of reformatory homes. In 

 1838 state action followed ; the 

 gaol at Parkhurst was converted 

 into a reformatory prison, where 

 youthful offenders were subjected 

 to a modified discipline with good 

 results. 



But yet juvenile crime remained 

 rife, and a popular movement, 

 fostered by the humane teachings 

 of Charles Dickens, insisted upon 

 further reforms. The Reformatory 

 School Act of 1854, which was the 

 outcome, gave official recognition to 

 such training centres by empower- 

 ing criminal courts to send offenders 

 under 16 years old to a reformatory 

 school, after a preliminary term of 

 imprisonment. A later statute 

 abolished the last-named part of 



the sentence, and juvenile delin- 

 quents are now sent direct to the 

 reformatory. 



The use of these means of re- 

 clamation is regulated by the 

 Children Act, 1908. Young per- 

 sons between the ages of 12 and 

 16, who are convicted of any 

 offence punishable by penal servi- 

 tude or imprisonment, may be com- 

 mitted to a certified reformatory 

 school for not less than three nor 

 more than five years, but in any 

 case must not be detained beyond 

 their 19th birthday. In practice, 

 the majority of juveniles so com- 

 mitted are over 14 years of age. 



Established in wholesome sur- 

 roundings, these schools provide a 

 useful training in various handi- 

 crafts and trades, and reformation 

 is sought through discipline, self- 

 respect, and esprit de corps. The 

 direct results attained are excel- 

 lent, the percentage of failures 

 being small. 



The proper conduct of reforma- 

 tories is assured by a visiting staff 

 of inspectors from the Home Office, 

 upon whose certificate depends the 

 Treasury grant by which the 

 schools are maintained. See Borstal 

 System ; Industrial School. 



Reform Club. London club. 

 It was founded in 1836, and was 

 long the chief club of the Liberal 

 party, and the rival of its neigh- 

 bour, the Carlton. The house is a 

 fine building, 104 Pall Mall, built 

 by Sir Charles Barry. Although 

 still a Liberal centre, its place as 

 the chief social centre of the party 

 has been taken by the National 

 Liberal Club (q.v.). The Manchester 

 Reform Club, founded in 1866, is 

 an important centre of Liberalism 

 in the north of England. 



Reformed Churches. Term 

 used generally for all Protestant 

 bodies which have separated from 

 the Church of Rome and adopted 

 the principles of the Reformation. 

 It is more definitely applied to 

 denominations in Germany and 

 elsewhere, which separated from 

 the Lutherans and followed the 

 teaching and church organization 

 of Calvin and Zwingli. They are 

 strongly predestinarian hi doctrine, 

 reject Luther's theory of con- 

 ^ubstantiation in the Eucharist, 

 are presbyterian in church govern- 

 ment, and adopt a simple and 

 extemporaneous form of public 

 worship. In Germany they are 

 often known as the Evangelical 

 Churches. 



Reformed Episcopal Church. 

 Small Protestant denomination, 

 originating in a secession from the 

 Episcopal Church of America. It 

 originated in 1873, when Bishop 

 Cummins and seven other clergy- 

 men left the American Church on 



