REIN 



des Musiciens demolished by shell- 

 fire, though its famous statues 

 were preserved. 



Reims was an important Roman 

 centre, known as Durocortorum, 

 chief town of the Remi tribe. S. 

 Remigius, bishop from 459-533, 

 baptized the Prankish king Clovis 

 here, 496. From 987 onwards 

 Reims was the scene of the corona- 

 tion of all the French kings save 

 six, and the archbishops acquired 

 great political importance. From 

 1420-29 it was held by the Eng- 

 lish, being recovered by Joan of 

 Arc. It was captured by Marmont, 

 1814 ; and by the Prussians, 1870 ; 

 and was in German occupation, 

 Sept. 4-12, 1914. Reims was de- 

 corated with the cross of the legion 

 of honour in 1919. Pop. (1914) 

 115,178. See Joan of Arc. 



ATTACKS ON REIMS. The Ger- 

 mans in their advance into France 

 entered Reims on Sept. 4, 1914, 

 and sacked it a few days later. The 

 allied victory on the Marne caused 

 them to evacuate it, and the French 

 entered it on Sept. 13. The latter, 

 however, were not sufficiently 

 strong to compel the enemy to 

 retreat any considerable distance, 

 and from Sept. 14, 1914, to Oct., 

 1918, the Germans bombarded the 

 city continuously from the hills to 

 the N. and E. Most of the in- 

 habitants left, but about 17,000 

 remained, using the enormous wine- 

 cellars as shelter. 



The final German offensive of 

 July 15, 1918, sometimes known as 

 the battle of Reims, is described 

 under the second battle of the 

 Marne. Foch's counter-offensive of 

 July 18 and the subsequent allied 

 advance finally removed all menace 

 to Reims. See Marne, Battles of the 



Rein (ultimately from Lat. 

 retinere, to hold back). Controlling 

 or guiding strap or cord attached 

 to the bit of a ridden or driven 

 horse. Either of the handles of a 

 blacksmith's tongs is also called a 

 rein. In the plural the word is used 

 in such phrases as the reins of 

 government, to express control. 

 The reins (Lat. renes) is also an- 

 other word for the kidneys. In 

 architecture, the reins of a vault 

 are the parts between the crown 

 and the spring or abutment. f"on. 

 rain. See Driving. 



Reinach, JOSEPH (1856-i921). 

 French politician and journalist. 

 Born of a Jewish family in Paris. 

 Sept. 30, 1856, he studied law, and 

 attracted attention by his his- 

 torical study, La Serbie et le Mon- 

 tenegro, 1876, and was prosecuted 

 for a political pamphlet in 1877. 

 He acted for a time as secretary to 

 Gambetta, and sat as deputy for 

 Digne, 1889-98. He was one of the 

 strongest supporters of Dreyfus 



6546 



(q.v.) in the demand for revision of 

 the trial, and published a long de- 

 tailed history of the affair, 1898- 



1905. He re- 

 entered the 

 chamber, 



1906, and in 

 the Great War 

 served on the 

 staff of Gal- 

 H6ni. His po- 

 litical articles 

 under the 



Joseph Reinach, pseudonym 

 French author Pol;ybe in Le 



Figaro were well known. He died 

 April 18, 1921. His brother Salo- 

 mon (b. 1858) was well known as 

 an archaeologist. 



Rein. Methods of holding driving reins. 1. Single 



harness. 2. Tandem. 3. Military hold for four horses. 



4. Four in hand 



1, 2, and 4, by courtesy of a. Bell & Sont 



Reincarnation. Term meaning 

 the assumption of human nature 

 a second time or more than once. 

 It is used to describe the process 



REINDEER 



(c) aa a spectre or ghost, (rf) as a 

 man, (e) as an inhabitant of one 

 of the seven realms of Heaven. 



Plato, in the Republic, discusses 

 in the form of an allegory the prin- 

 ciple on which the condition of the 

 reincarnate life is determined. Each 

 soul draws its destiny by lot. If the 

 lot determines that he shall be a 

 king, for instance, the choice as to 

 whether he shall be a good or bad 

 king rests with himself. In the 

 Phaedrus, however, he leaves less 

 to chance. The soul which has seen 

 most of truth comes to birth as 

 a philosopher, that which has 

 seen truth in the second degree as 

 a righteous king, the next as a 

 politician, the next as a gymnast or 

 physician, the 

 next as a prophet, 

 the sixth as a 

 poet, the seventh 

 as an artisan, the 

 lowest of all as a 

 tyrant or dema- 

 gogue. See Psy- 

 chical Research ; 

 Transmigration. 



Reindeer (Ce r- 

 vus tarandus). 

 Species of deer. 

 Found in N. 

 Europe, Siberia, 

 Newfoundland, 

 Canada, and the 

 United States, it 

 is the only deer 

 that has been suc- 

 cessfully domes- 

 ticated. In former 

 times it had a 

 considerably 

 wider range, and 

 its remains are 

 not 



involved in the theory known as 

 metempsy c h o s i s 

 or the transmi- 

 gration of souls, 

 which maintains 

 that all person- 

 alities or types of 

 boing (including 

 animals ) enter into 

 life upon the plane 

 of earth, not once 

 but many times, 

 and assume differ- 

 ent forms at every 

 reappearance. Ac- 

 cording to one of 

 the most ancient 

 Buddhist books, 

 a man, according 

 to his deeds, may 

 be reincarnated 

 (a) among the evil 

 spirits in hell, 

 (I) as an animal, 



uncommon 



in Great Britain and France. It is 

 notable for the fact that both sexes 

 bear antlers. Placed higher on the 

 forehead than in other deer, they 



are very long and curved, and bend 



Reindeer. Male o! the N. European species of deer 



W.S. Bcrridft,F.Z.S. 



