RELIGIOUS TRACT 



6554 



REMBANG 



polydaemonism, if not into poly- 

 theism. All may be regarded as 

 representing steps by which the 

 religious idea advanced from the 

 contemplation of nature to the re- 

 cognition of the supreme power be-- 

 hind. They include such specialised 

 aspects as the fetishism of W. 

 Africa, the nature- worship of abori- 

 ginal America and Australia, and 

 the shamanism of N. Asia. They 

 possess two characteristics in com- 

 mon ; they are non-ethical, and are 

 not founded on a law or scripture. 

 Outside the pale of heathendom 

 thus defined lie the world's great 

 ethical religions. The oldest of 

 them is Judaism, the national 

 monotheism of the Jewish people, 

 remarkable for the fact that, 

 cradled in W. Asia, it is now dis- 

 seminated by racial dispersion 

 over almost the whole earth. 



Side by side with this outcome 

 of the Semitic spirit arose in a later 

 age, out of the personalised poly- 

 theism of Vedic India, the great 

 system of Brahmanism, which still 

 penetrates the religious and social 

 life of Hindustan. Nowadays this 

 term, properly denoting the ancient 

 Brahma-worship, offered through 

 the priestly offices of the- Brahman 

 caste, loosely embraces also many 

 later and diverse sects which are 

 preferably classed as Hinduism. 

 This comprises such developments 

 as Saktism, Lihgayatism, and 

 Sikhism, as well as the widespread 

 popular religions which, especially 

 among the aboriginal villagers of 

 S. India, are suffused with animis- 

 tic practices and with survivals of 

 primitive nature-worships. 



In the 6th century B.C. arose 

 the reform founded by Gautama 

 Buddha. Dominant in India for 

 many centuries, it has long been 

 submerged in its homeland by 

 modern Hinduism. The first great 

 missionary faith, it prevails to-day 

 in Ceylon, Burma, Siam, China, 

 and Korea. In the form of Lama- 

 ism, which has absorbed both 

 animist and Hindu elements, it is 

 found in Tibet and Mongolia. In 

 Japan it has profoundly affected 

 Shintoism, itself originally a local 

 development of animism. 



While the Buddha was spreading 

 his teaching in N. India, Confucius 

 waspreaching an ethical philosophy 

 of an altruistic cast in China, and 

 his contemporary Lao-tse was 

 promulgating those views which 

 were ultimately to develop into 

 Taoism. China's state religion re- 

 cognizes the supremacy of Con- 

 fucius, but in the popular mind 

 religion and its ritual of ancestor- 

 worship have been much affected 

 by the influence of Buddhism, 

 while modern Taoism is a poly- 

 theism with much primitive anim- 



ism. Christianity, the supreme 

 faith of mankind, stands alone 

 both in the ethical and in the 

 spiritual sphere, in the number of 

 its adherents, and in the univer 

 sality of its appeal. 



The latest of the great religions 

 is Islam. Founded in the 7th cen- 

 tury A.D. by Mahomet, it embodies 

 Jewish and Christian elements, but 

 from the outset manifested marked 

 hostility to both. From its Arabian 

 cradleland it spread over N. Africa 

 in one direction, into Persia, India, 

 and central Asia in another, besides 

 following the path of Arab migra- 

 tion into Malaysia and modern 

 negro Africa. E. a, Harmer 



The following table, giving ap- 

 proximately the numbers of adher- 

 ents of the chief religions, is in 

 general use : 



Heathen 



Jews 



Brahmanists and Hindus 



Confucianists and Taoists .. 301,000,000 



Buddhists 138,000,000 



Shintoists 25,000,000 



Christians : 



Roman Catholic .. .. 273,000,000 



Greek Catholic 120,000,000 



Protestant. 172,000,000 



Mahomcdans. 

 Unclassified . 



158,000,000 



12,000,000 



210.000,000 



464,000,000 



565,000,000 



222,000,000 



15,000,000 



1,640,009,000 



Bibliography. Introduction to the 

 Science of Religion, F. Max M filler, 

 1882 ; Religion of the Semites, W. 

 Robertson Smith, 2nd ed., 1894 ; 

 Outlines of the History of Religion, 

 C. P. Tiele, Eng. trans., J. E. Car- 

 penter, 6th ed., 1896 ; History of 

 Religion, A. Menzies, 1897 ; Primi- 

 tive Culture, E. B. Tylor, 4th ed., 

 1903 : Studies in the Philosophy of 

 Religion, G. Galloway, 1904 ; An 

 Introduction to the History of 

 Religion, F. B. Jevons, 3rd ed. 1904 ; 

 The Evolution of Religion, L. R. 

 Farnell, 1905 ; What is Religion ? 

 W. Bousset, Eng. trans. F. B. Low, 

 1907 ; The Golden Bough, J. G. 

 Frazer, 3rd ed. 1907-14 ; The 

 Threshold of Religion, R. R. Marett, 

 1909 ; Faith, W. R. Inge, 1909 ; 

 History of Religions, G. F. Moore, 

 1914-20; Encyclopaedia of Reli- 

 gions, M. A. Canney, 1921 ; Diction- 

 ary of Religion and Ethics, ed. S. 

 Mathews, and G. B. Smith, 1921. 



Religious Tract Society. Brit- 

 ish society founded in 1799 and in- 

 corporated, 1899, for the publica- 

 tion of tracts and other evangelical 

 literature. Its committee consists 

 of an equal number of Churchmen 

 and Nonconformists. During re- 

 cent years the operations of the 

 society have been widened to in- 

 clude the publication of popular 

 scientific and educational works. 

 During the Great War many million 

 copies of books and magazines 



were distributed gratuitously 

 among soldiers and sailors and 

 prisoners of war. 



Remainder. Term used in 

 English real property law. The law 

 about remainders is very technical. 

 When a particular estate of free- 

 hold is granted to a person, with 

 remainder to another, it means 

 that the latter is to take the pro- 

 perty when the particular estate 

 determines. An illustration will 

 make this more clear. X is the 

 owner of Blackacre. He grants or 

 devises it to A for life (particular 

 estate) with remainder to B in fee. 

 B takes on A's death ; and even if 

 B dies before A, B's heirs take. 



A contingent remainder is one 

 limited to take effect on the 

 happening of an event or the fulfil- 

 ment of a condition which may or 



may not happen 



until after the de- 

 termination of the 

 particular estate. 

 As when X leaves 

 his property to his 

 widow for her life, 

 and after her 

 death to his son 

 John if he shall 

 then haveattained 

 (or on his attain- 

 ing) 21 years of 

 age hi fee. There 

 used to be a great 

 deal of techni- 

 cality about contingent remain- 

 ders ; but these have mostly been 

 cured by the Act 40 and 41 Vic- 

 toria c. 33. 



Remand (Lat. remandare, to 

 order back). In law, the adjourn- 

 ment by a criminal court of the 

 hearing of a charge against an 

 accused person. The prisoner may 

 be either retained in custody or 

 admitted to bail. A remand in 

 custody, if by verbal order, must 

 not be for more than three days ; 

 if on a written warrant, it should 

 not exceed eight clear days. Chil- 

 dren under 16 are remanded, not 

 to prison, but to remand homes 

 specially provided. See Trial. 



Remarque (Fr.). In etching, 

 an early impression containing in 

 the inscription space a small vig- 

 nette representing some subject 

 more or less appropriate to the 

 print itself. Lettering in such a 

 proof is usually curtailed or 

 omitted altogether. See Etching. 

 Rembang. Residency and port 

 of the Dutch E. Indies, in Java. 

 The residency is along the N. 

 coast ; it contains a third of the 

 teak forests of the island ; petro- 

 leum and sugar-cane are obtained. 

 Pop. 1,300,000. The port is open 

 for trade ; it is on the N. coast, 50 

 m. N.E. of Samarang, with which 

 it has rly. connexion. Pop. 14,000. 



