RENTES 



ever, differences between rent and 

 other forms of income, due to 

 those between land and other 

 forms of capital, and on these are 

 based proposals for the special 

 taxation of rents. 



In the popular sense rent is the 

 payment made for the occupation 

 of factories, houses, land, etc., and 

 is therefore only a form of interest 

 on capital. It is regarded as due in 

 England and Wales on the four 

 quarter days. Landlords of small 

 houses usually pay the rates thereon 

 and include this amount in the 

 weekly rent. If the rent is not paid 

 on the appointed day, the landlord 

 has the right of distress without 

 taking the case into a court of law 

 as other creditors must do. In Scot- 

 land distress is not permitted, but 

 the law provides other remedies. A 

 rent charge is an income charged 

 by will or settlement upon certain 

 rents. Quit rents are payments 

 made to lords of manors to free the 

 tenant from miscellaneous charges. 

 See Capital ; Distress ; Interest ; 

 Land ; Landlord ; Single Tax ; 

 Tenant ; consult also Land and Its 

 Rent, F. A. Walker, 1883. 



Rentes. Name given to the 

 main part of the national debt of 

 France. Rentes are the equivalent 

 of the English consols, like which 

 the}' are bought and sold on the 

 stock exchange. Before the Great 

 War the interest WAS at the rate of 

 3 p.c., but in 1915 an issue of 

 rentes perpetuelles, bearing interest 

 at 5 p.c., was made. The first issue 

 was sold at 88 francs for 100 francs 

 of stock. Other loans followed, 

 mainly of 4 p.c. rentes. In 1917 a 

 special fund was provided for buy- 

 ing rentes in the open market and 

 annulling them in order to main- 

 tain the price. The word is also 

 used for the national debts of 

 Austria and Italy. 



Renton. Town of Dumbarton- 

 shire, Scotland. It stands on the 

 right bank of the Leven, 2 m. from 

 Dumbarton, with a station on the 

 N.B. and Cal. Joint Rly. The chief 

 industries are dyeing, bleaching, 

 and calico printing, and the chief 

 building is the parish church. Dal- 

 quhurn House, now pulled down, 

 was the birthplace of Tobias Smol- 

 lett, whose family owned land here, 

 and whose sister was the founder 

 of the town. It was named after 

 her daughter, who married a man 

 named Renton. Pop. 5,000. 



Rent Restriction. Method 

 adopted during the Great War and 

 afterwards in the United Kingdom 

 to protect tenants from an increase 

 of rent and to safeguard their 

 tenure It was done by a series of 

 War Emergency statutes "begun by 

 the Increase of Rent and Mortgage 

 Interest (War Restrictions) Act, 



6563 



1915, and concluded by the 1920 

 consolidating Act of the same title, 

 which repealed all the Acts pre- 

 viously existing. The 1915 Act 

 provided that tenants of dwelling- 

 houses, in respect of which the 

 annual rent or the ratable value, 

 calculated in August, 1914, did not 

 exceed 35 in the metropolitan 

 police district, 30 in Scotland, and 

 26 elsewhere in the United 

 Kingdom, should have the follow- 

 ing privileges: (1) the rent on 

 mortgage interest could not be 

 raised except to meet 6 p.c. of the 

 cost of structural alterations, or a 

 rise in rates when the landlord pays 

 them ; (2) any tenant overcharged 

 for rent since Nov. 25, 1915, could 

 recover the excess from his land- 

 lord, or deduct it from next rent ; 

 (3) no tenant could be turned out 

 so long as he paid rent and per- 

 formed the other duties of his 

 tenancy, and was not guilty of 

 committing waste or conduct 

 which was a nuisance to neigh- 

 bours, except if the landlord rea- 

 sonably required the house for the 

 occupation of himself or one of his 

 employees. 



This Act failed largely of its pur- 

 pose to give security of tenure be- 

 cause of the opening it gave land- 

 lords to secure possession for their 

 own or employees' occupation, and 

 in May, 1918, another Act was 

 passed. This deprived those who 

 had bought dwelling-houses within 

 the operation of the 1915 Act since 

 Sept. 30, 1917, of the right of secur- 

 ing possession. With the Armistice 

 of Nov., 1918, the house shortage 

 became even more marked, and 

 the rights of occupying tenants 

 were stiffened up even more by 

 the Apr. and Dec., 1919, Acts, 

 though landlords were allowed to 

 charge a slightly increased rent, 

 and provision was made to counter 

 certain abuses which had grown up 

 at the expense of landlords. The 

 Apr., 1918, Act raised the category 

 of dwelling-houses included in the 

 Rent Acts to 70, 60, and 52 

 respectively. 



Finally, on July 2, 1920, wa& 

 passed the Act which remained the 

 law of the country until June 24, 

 1923. This Act raised the cate- 

 gories of dwelling-houses coming 

 within its operation to 105, 90, 

 and 78 respectively. It included 

 business premises within these 

 rentals until June 24, 1921, only. 

 The main points of the Act are : 



Landlords of the houses (or flats) 

 coming under the Act may now 

 raise the rent over the standard 

 rent, i.e. usually that existing in 

 Aug., 1914, by 40 p.c., if they do 

 all the repairs, plus 8 p.c. of the 

 cost of structural alterations, plus 

 increase in rates since Aug., 1914. 



R.E.H. 



Any unauthorised increase in rent 

 since Mar. 25, 1920, is recoverable 

 from the landlord. Before rent is 

 increased, necessary repairs or 

 decorations must be done. 



Premiums are forbidden under 

 pain of 100 fine, and the same 

 penalty attaches to persons con- 

 victed of making an extortionate 

 profit from furnished houses, which 

 are not otherwise affected by the 

 Act. It has been decided by the 

 high court, however, that the assign- 

 ment of a lease is not within the 

 prohibition as to a premium. 



The county court is made the 

 chief tribunal under the Act. County 

 court judges are given almost 

 boundless discretion to refuse 

 ejectment or orders for possession, 

 and have for the most part inter- 

 preted this part of the Act in 

 favour of sitting tenants. The 

 court, -however, is bound to take 

 into account any claim by a land- 

 lord for recovery of possession. A 

 new Act was passed in 1923 modify- 

 ing that of 1920 and prolonging its 

 operation until June 24, 1925. 

 Under it houses becoming empty 

 were decontrolled. A bill, intro- 

 duced into Parliament in 1925, 

 proposed to continue rent control 

 for two and a half years. 



In addition to these Acts some 

 of the Courts Emergency Powers 

 Acts apply. The 1914 Act debarred 

 landlords from levying distress, 

 or foreclosing, or re-entering into 

 possession in respect of agreements 

 after Aug. 4, 1914, for rentals not 

 exceeding 50, without leave of the 

 court. If such application is made, 

 the court, on theground of war hard- 

 ship, may postpone such remedies. 

 See Landlord. William Latey 



Ren wick, JAMES (1662-88). 

 Scottish Covenanter. Born at 

 Moniaive, Dumfriesshire, Feb. 15, 

 1662, he was educated at Edin- 

 burgh and Groningen, Holland, 

 where he was ordained. From 1683 

 he preached in Scotland, but was 

 outlawed- by the privy council of 

 Edinburgh. His open repudiation 

 of the claims of James II to the 

 throne led to his arrest, and he 

 was hanged, Feb. 17, 1688. 



R.E.P. Initials of Robert 

 Esnault Pelterie, one of the earliest 

 French pioneers of aeroplane con- 

 struction, and used to designate 

 machines built and designed by 

 him. In 1908 an R.E.P. monoplane, 

 of all-steel construction, left the 

 ground for a short distance, and by 

 1911 R.E.P. monoplanes, with 

 R.E.P. air-cooled engines, were 

 among the first aircraft in the 

 world. At the outbreak of the 

 Great War the French army had a 

 number of R.E.P. Parasol mono- 

 planes, which did excellent service 

 in the early stages of hostilities. 



