RESERVATION 



6570 



" 1 will pay to-morrow " implies 

 payment in full, but the speaker 

 may have made the mental reser- 

 vation " in part." 



Reservation of the Sacra- 

 ment. Name giren to the act of 

 retaining unconsumed a portion of 

 the consecrated elements at the 

 Eucharist for future use. The 

 earliest reference to such a practice 

 is found in Justin Martyr (A.D. 150), 

 who tells us that the deacons 

 reserved " some of the Eucharistic 

 bread and wine " for the use of 

 members of the church who were 

 not present at the communion 

 service itself. Tertullian en- 

 couraged the custom, especially 

 in cases where any reason existed 

 (e.g. the necessity of fasting on 

 certain days) for not partaking of 

 the elements at the actual service. 



The object of the reservation was 

 to provide (1) for the needs of the 

 sick, since in the absence of any 

 order for private communion in 

 early times they would otherwise 

 have been deprived of the Sacra- 

 ment; (2) for those who lived in 

 isolated districts, where, owing to 

 the absence of a regular priest, the 

 Eucharist was infrequently ob- 

 served; (3) for those who were 

 prevented by persecution or other 

 lawful cause from attending the 

 Eucharist itself. 



The Council of Saragossa in 380 

 declared that " whosoever does not 

 consume the Holy Eucharist given 

 to him in church " is anathema. 

 This prohibition, however, seems 

 only to have referred to private 

 individuals, and the custom of the 

 clergy to reserve the Sacrament for 

 the sick, and for use in sudden 

 emergencies, seems to have been 

 universal. At the Reformation, 

 Protestantism for the most part 

 abandoned the practice. Article 

 XXVIII of the Church of England 

 declares that " The Sacrament of 

 the Lord's Supper was not by 

 Christ's ordinance reserved, carried 

 about, lifted up, or worshipped." 

 Attempts have been made in 

 modern times to revive the custom, 

 but the court of the archbishops 

 refused its sanction hi 1899 by 

 decreeing that " the Church of 

 England does not allow reservation 

 in any form." See Eucharist. 



Reserve (Lat. re, back ; servare, 

 to keep). Literally, anything kept 

 back. Funds kept over and above 

 the usual requirements by banks 

 and business houses are known as 

 reserves. The term is used also in a 

 military sense for troops kept back 

 during an action for reinforce- 

 ments or to use in case of emer- 

 gency. It is usual for the command- 

 ers of units, brigades, divisions, etc., 

 to keep reserves, which are known 

 as local reserves, while there is also 



a general reserve under the direct 

 orders of the commander-in-chief. 

 The throwing in of the reserves 

 marks a critical stage in a battle. 



Reserve is also used for the 

 sailors and soldiers who have 

 passed through the ranks, but are 

 liable to be called upon for active 

 service in time of war. These men 

 are called reservists. In the United 

 Kingdom the name special reserve 

 was given to the militia in 1907. 

 There are reserves for the army, the 

 navy, and the air force, and the 

 army has a special reserve of 

 officers. The navy usually main- 

 tains a reserve fleet. In April, 1921, 

 the army reserve was called out, as 

 a general strike was threatened. 

 European armies have reserves 

 composed of men who have passed 

 through the ranks of the regular 

 army. In sport the term reserve is 

 also used for a spare man. A 

 reserve team in football is one 

 upon which the premier team can 

 draw for fresh players. See Army, 

 British ; Army Reserve ; Land- 

 wehr ; Landsturm ; Naval Re- 

 serve, Royal ; Special Reserve. 



Reservoir (late Lat. reserva- 

 torium). Construction for the 

 storage of water. Reservoirs are 

 of three kinds : impounding reser- 

 voirs, formed by damming the 

 course of a stream and creating a 

 lake, or increasing the size of one 

 already existing ; storage reser- 

 voirs, into which water is pumped, 

 or conveyed by an aqueduct, to 

 deposit suspended matter ; and 

 service reservoirs, for filtered water. 

 The last are generally of com- 

 paratively small size, covered in, 

 and situated at a sufficient height 

 above the area served to give a 

 good pressure in the mains taking 

 water from them. 



Impounding reservoirs, used 

 either for irrigation or town supply 

 purposes, are designed to collect a 

 large part of the surface water 

 from an extensive catchment area, 

 the average rainfall on which 

 during a period of years has been 

 carefully observed. Lake reser- 

 voirs formed by dams are of 

 enormous capacity. The Nile and 

 the Roosevelt (U.S.A.) dams 

 impounded 450,000 million galbns 

 each ; the Marikanave dam (in 

 India), 245,000 million; the Sho- 

 shone and the Olive Bridge dams 

 (U.S.A.), 150,000 and 127,000 

 million respectively. 



Some storage reservoirs are 

 formed by damming a valley or 

 depression, but more commonly 

 are wholly artificial. Staines and 

 Chingford reservoirs of the London 

 metropolitan water board, hold- 

 ing 3,000 million gallons each, are 

 the largest examples of artificial 

 reservoirs on level land. The 



containing embankments have 

 core walls of puddled clay carried 

 down to an impermeable stratum, 

 and are constructed of material 

 excavated from the area enclosed. 

 The engineer balances the excava- 

 tion against the embankment, 

 removing only sufficient material 

 for his purpose, while shaping the 

 bed to throw all the water towards 

 the outlet. Provided that the bed 

 be self-draining, it need not be flat. 



Service reservoirs for towns are 

 lined with concrete or masonry 

 and, in most cases, covered in to 

 protect the water, which has been 

 purified in filter beds, from con- 

 tamination. The largest covered 

 reservoir in England is that at 

 Honor Oak, in S.E. London, which 

 has an area of ten acres and a 

 maximum depth of 34 ft. The 

 sides are retaining walls, backed 

 by puddled clay. The whole of the 

 bottom is covered by inverted 

 arches of concrete, crossing one 

 another at right angles. At the 

 points of intersection rise brick 

 piers, which carry continuous 

 brickwork arches running N. and 

 S. and coated outside with a thick 

 layer of cement. Above the cement 

 is the clay and top soil originally 

 taken from the site. At the point of 

 intersection of two walls, which 

 divide the reservoir into four parts, 

 are the valves by which water is 

 admitted to and drawn off from 

 each section independently. 



One of the important factors to 

 be considered in the construction 

 of a reservoir is the maintenance 

 of a sufficient supply of water 

 during periods of drought. This 

 particularly applies to reservoirs 

 which depend entirely upon the 

 rainfall in a certain catchment 

 area, and allowance is usually 

 made on the assumption that there 

 will be three consecutive dry years. 

 Such years are those in which the 

 rainfall is only four-fifths of the 

 average. Other meteorological con- 

 siderations and geological factors 

 enter into the question, e.g. the 

 maximum and minimum rainfall, 

 etc. The height of the catch- 

 ment area determines to a large 

 extent its area, e.g. the larger 

 areas are at lower elevation. See 

 Dam ; Hydraulics ; Metropolitan 

 Water Board ; Water Supply. 



Reset. Term used in Scots law. 

 It means the receiving and har- 

 bouri ng of a criminal ; it refers 

 also to the act of receiving stolen 

 goods, knowing them to be stolen. 



Resht OR RASHT. Town of 

 Persia. The capital of the province 

 of Gilan, it is about 150 in. N. of 

 Teheran, with which it is connected 

 by a fair caravan road. Silks are 

 manufactured, and cattle, sheep, 

 tobacco, rice, and fruit exported. 



