RESTORATION 



from Worcester, Charles had been 

 an exile from England. In all three 

 countries, however, especially in 

 Scotland and Ireland, he had many 

 supporters, and the harshness of 

 Cromwell's rule added to their 

 ! number. Risings, notably that of 

 Glencairn in Scotland and Pen- 

 ruddocke in England, broke out in 

 his favour, while Montrose fought 

 brilliantly for him. But as long as 

 Cromwell's military genius and the 

 trained valour of his Ironsides were 

 available, all hope of a Restoration 

 seemed vain. 



With Cromwell's death the 

 position was wholly changed. His 

 son Richard proved a weakling, 

 and soon retired into private life. 

 In 1659 the royalists arranged a 

 rising, and, to take advantage of 

 its desired success, Charles moved 

 from Brussels to Calais. But the 

 effort was a failure ; concerted 

 action was wholly lacking, and only 

 in Cheshire was the movement at 

 all serious. The king's friends were 

 not successful until early in 1660, 

 when Monk (see Albemarle) had been 

 some weeks in London, and plans 

 for a stable government had failed. 

 By Sir John Grenville, Monk sent 

 a verbal message to Charles, advis- 

 ing him to promise oblivion for 

 past offences and religious tolera- 

 tion ; also to move to Breda (q.v.), 

 and there await events. 



The declaration of Breda, drawn 

 up on these lines, followed, and a 

 Convention Parliament met. To 

 this Charles sent a letter which 

 was read on May 1. The members 

 professed their loyalty to their 

 king, as they now called him, and 

 declared that their lawful and an- 

 cient government was by king, 

 lords, and commons. On May 8, 

 Charles was proclaimed king in 

 London : on the 16th he received 

 at The Hague a deputation of lords 

 and commons, asking him to re- 

 turn, and on the 23rd he went on 

 board the Nasebj', the flagship of 

 the fleet sent for him. Amid great 

 rejoicing, he landed at Dover, held 

 a council at Canterbury, and on 

 the 29th, his birthday, he travelled 

 from Rochester to London, where 

 the people welcomed him with wild 

 excitement. Scotland followed the 

 example of England, and a par- 

 liament in Edinburgh restored the 

 monarchy. Ireland was bound by 

 the act of the English parliament 

 See Charles II ; England : History. 

 Restoration. In architecture, 

 the process of repairing or recon- 

 structing a building, so that it shall 

 retain or regain its original char- 

 acter. Restoration is almost 

 wholly a modern art ; prior to the 

 19th century a building that had 

 become seriously dilapidated was 

 either patched up in accordance 



6575 



with the utilitarian needs and 

 fashion of the day, or replaced by 

 another of a totally different kind. 

 The educational or aesthetic value 

 of a medieval or Renaissance 

 structure was never considered. In 

 the 18th century, when the deca- 

 dence of the Renaissance style had 

 reached its limit, a mild interest 

 was awakened in the earlier forms 

 of building, and in Great Britain 

 the dilettante headed a kind of 

 Gothic revival. Wars, however, 

 and the industrial revolution de- 

 ferred the question of restoration 

 till early in the 19th century. 



A movement for the better under- 

 standing of the principles of me- 

 dieval architecture was then set 

 on foot by the Camden Society, 

 while in 1840 the newly-formed 

 Ecclesiological Society turned its 

 attention to explaining the usages 

 of the pre-Reformation Church in 

 the light of Gothic fittings and 

 ornaments. Meanwhile Augustus 

 Welby Pugin (q.v. ) had started his 

 crusade for the resuscitation of 

 Gothic ; and restorations along 

 this line proceeded with a rather 

 too feverish haste. They passed 

 finally under the control of a small 

 band of Gothic purists who, not 

 content to restore a church as it had 

 been before, pulled down or muti- 

 lated those parts which did not 

 accord with the period in which the 

 remaining parts were built. The 

 British Society for the Protection 

 of Ancient Buildings, formed under 

 Morris's influence in 1877, has since 

 done much to improve the charac- 

 ter of restorations, while in France 

 the Commission des Monuments 

 Historiques has performed invalu- 

 able service in the same direction. 

 See Picture. 



Restorationists. Term applied 

 in Church history to those followers 

 of Origen who held that all sinners 

 will ultimately be forgiven and 

 received into God's favour after a 

 period of purgation in the next 

 world. This is distinct from the 

 R.C. doctrine of purgatory. The 

 name has been used also for an 

 American sect of Universalists, 

 founded about 1818 by Hosea 

 Ballou at Boston. He taught 

 that sin is entirely connected with 

 the body, and that the article of 

 death, by freeing the soul from the 

 body, sets it free also from the con- 

 sequences of sin. His followers 

 separated from the Universalists 

 and formed a definite sect in 1831. 



Restraint (Lat. restringere, to 

 draw back). Literally, the act of 

 hindering or limiting. Restraint of 

 marriage is a restriction attached 

 to a bequest forbidding a devisee 

 to marry. The law of England, we 

 are t'old by ancient writers, looks 

 on marriage with favour no doubt 



RESTREPO 



as much for political as for moral 

 reasons. A married man is more 

 likely to be a good citizen than a 

 single one. Therefore gifts given 

 upon conditions restraining mar- 

 riage will generally be held to be 

 given as if such conditions had 

 not been made. Thus, a devise of 

 an estate to A, but if A marries 

 then he is to lose the estate, is bad. 

 It can, however, be done another 

 way. If the gift is " I devise 

 Blackacre to A ; but upon A's 

 marriage or death then Blackacre 

 is to go to B " is quite good. So ifc 

 is quite lawful to bequeath an in- 

 come to a woman during her widow- 

 hood ; but in a gift of the same in- 

 come to a widow, with a condition 

 that she shall lose it if she marries 

 again, the condition is bad, as 

 being in restraint of marriage. 



By the law of England an agree- 

 ment in undue restraint of trade is 

 bad, as being against public policy. 

 By such an agreement is meant 

 one whereby a person binds him- 

 self not to exercise his trade, pro- 

 fession, or calling in such a way as 

 to fetter himself unduly. And the 

 reason why such an agreement is 

 void is because it is to the public 

 interest that all men shall be free 

 to work and carry on business. 



Agreements of this kind are, in 

 the main, of three kinds : (1) When 

 an employee, as part of his agree- 

 ment of service, contracts that 

 after his service is terminated he 

 will not carry on the same kind of 

 business or enter the service of 

 another employer in the same 

 business within a certain area. (2) 

 When a man sells a business and 

 agrees that he will not carry on a 

 competing business, generally with- 

 in a certain area. In both these 

 cases the agreement is void if it is 

 unreasonable ; and it is unreason- 

 able if it is more than is reasonably 

 necessary to protect the promisee. 

 This depends on the kind of busi- 

 ness. Thus, a grocer's assistant 

 who agreed not to take a similar 

 situation within 20 miles of his 

 master's shop has probably con- 

 tracted unreasonably. But a doc- 

 tor who has sold his practice with 

 a covenant not to practise within 

 20 miles has contracted reasonably. 

 (3) Trade union agreements where- 

 by men agree to strike work on 

 being called out by the union are 

 wholly bad ; and so are agree- 

 ments by employers to " lock out " 

 their workmen in concert. 



Restrepo, Jos (2 MANUEL (1782- 

 1863). Colombian politician and 

 historian. Having joined in the 

 movement for independence from 

 Spain, Restrepo became a member 

 of congress, and secretary to the 

 liberator, Bolivar. He wrote a 

 history of the Revolution. 



