RETOUCHING 



powder (applied with a stump) on 

 a coating of matt or other varnish. 

 Prints are worked up with chalks, 

 with water colours, and very largely 

 with an air-brush or atomiser by 

 which a fine spray of colour is ap- 

 plied. See Photography. 



Retouching. Term for the work 

 of correcting the tone values of 

 an illustration in order to prepare 

 it for printing. It consists hi the 

 elimination and eradication of use- 

 less and confusing detail, and gener- 

 ally in strengthening or reducing 

 the tones in a photograph for the 

 purposes of process reproduction 

 in a book, magazine, or newspaper. 

 In ordinary photography, yellow 

 and red objects reproduce to dark 

 blue or light. The materials used 

 are water colours. See Screen. 



Retreat (Lat. retrahere, to draw 

 back). Retirement or drawing 

 back. It is chiefly used in a mili- 

 tary sense for a withdrawal from 

 before the enemy. It may be 

 done to secure a better position 

 for fighting, and implies a certain 

 amount of order and cohesion, 

 otherwise it becomes a rout. Not- 

 able retreats are those of the Ten 

 Thousand described by Xenophon, 

 Sir John Moore's retreat from 

 Corunna, Napoleon's retreat from 

 Moscow, and the retreat from 

 Mons. Retreat is the word used 

 for the bugle call sounded at sun- 

 set in camps and barracks. It is a 

 reminder that pickets must as- 

 semble for duty and guards adopt 

 the precautions usual at night time. 

 See Anabasis ; Rearguard. 



Retreat. Place of retirement 

 for religious exercises and medita- 

 tion. The word is applied to 

 a monastery, convent, or her- 

 mitage, e.g. S. Joseph's Retreat, 

 Highgate, London, mother house 

 in England of the Passionists (q.v. ). 



Retriever. Sporting dog of the 

 spaniel group, produced by a cross 

 between the lesser black Newfound- 

 land and the water spaniel. It is 

 employed for retrieving game on 

 land as the water spaniel does in 

 water. In many cases a strain of 

 setter blood has 

 been introduced. 



There are three 

 types of retriever 

 recognized by 

 sportsmen. The 

 Labrador is, as a 

 rule, merely a small 

 black breed of New- 

 foundland ; the flat ; 

 or wavy-coated is 

 the result of a cross 

 between the Labra- 

 dor and setter and . 

 collie; and the - 

 curly - coated is a 

 cross with a con- '. f ' '. _^ ^v^> 

 siderable strain Retriever 



6579 



of poodle in him, and is equally 

 good in water or on land. A re- 

 triever should have what is known 

 as a tender mouth, and should hold 

 the game without mangling it. 

 Some of these dogs will carry a bird 

 so gently as not even to displace its 

 feathers. Retrievers are, as a rule, 

 black in colour, but liver-coloured 

 and black -and -tan specimens are not 

 uncommon. See Dog, colour plate. 



Retrograde (Lat. retro, back ; 

 gradi, to walk). In astronomy, 

 term applied to the motion of a 

 planet or the satellite of a planet 

 when it is in the direction op- 

 posite to the general direction of 

 motion. Thus, Oberon and Titania, 

 the two moons of Uranus, were 

 found by Herschel to revolve 

 about their planet in a direction 

 contrary to that of all other mem- 

 bers of the solar system. Since 

 then Phoebe, the ninth satellite of 

 Saturn, and the moon of Neptune 

 have been found to have a similar 

 retrograde motion. The term is 

 also applied to the apparent move- 

 ments of planets in the skies as 

 seen from the earth. Many comets 

 also have a retrograde motion. 



Retrogression. In music, a 

 contrapuntal device by which the 

 theme or subject is repeated by 

 being played backwards. It is also 

 known as retrograde imitation 

 See Counterpoint. 



Returning Officer. Official 

 who conducts an election. In par- 

 liamentary elections the duties are 

 performed by the sheriff in coun- 

 ties, and in boroughs by the 

 mayor. Certain expenses incurred 

 are allowed by statute. On the 

 issue of the writ the returning 

 officer receives nominations for the 

 vacant seat, and also the caution- 

 ary deposit of 150 from each can- 

 didate, except in the case of uni- 

 versity elections. It is also his 

 duty, sometimes by deputy, to see 

 that the election is held in the 

 manner prescribed by law. He 

 announces the result and reports 

 it in proper form to the Speaker 

 See Election. 



Cardinal de Retz 

 French writer 



Flat-coated retriever, a British sporting dog 



Retz, JEAN FRANCOIS PAUL DE 

 GONDI, CARDINAL DE (1613-79). 

 French ecclesiastic and writer. 

 Born at . . , 



Montmirail, _^^tfi^k. 



Sept. 20, 1613, 

 he was edu- 

 cated for the 

 Church, and 

 was made co- 

 adjutor to his 

 uncle the 

 archbishop of 

 Paris, 1643, 

 succeeding 

 him in 1654. He was a prominent 

 enemy of Mazarin before and during 

 the Fronde (q.v. ), but became a car- 

 dinal despite Mazarin's opposition. 

 Imprisoned in 1652, he escaped in 

 1654, and lived abroad until the 

 death of Mazarin, becoming abbot 

 of St. Denis, 1662. He retired to 

 St. Mihiel, and died in Paris, Aug. 



24, 1679. His Memoirs, published 

 1717, Eng. trans. 1904, give a 

 brilliant picture of his times. See 

 Works, 1870-96. Prow. Race. 



Retz, RAIS OR RAIZ, GILLES DE 

 (c. 1396-1440). French soldier and 

 criminal. Born of the Laval 

 family, he 

 served in the 

 wars, and was 

 made marshal 

 of France. 

 Later he was 

 tried on a 

 charge of dis- 

 obedience t o 

 the authority 

 of John VI of 

 Brittany, and 

 the discovery was made that he had 

 engaged in an almost incredible 

 series of murders and debauches. 

 Human remains were found at 

 Vannes, Chantoce, Machecoul, 

 Nantes, Rais, Tiffange, etc., and 

 it was estimated that some 150 

 children and numerous women had 

 met death at his hands. He was 

 hanged and burnt at Nantes, Oct. 



25, 1440. Perrault's story of Blue- 

 beard is supposed to be founded on 

 his career. See Bluebeard, Account 

 of G. de R., E. A. Vizetelly, 1902. 



Reuchlin, JOHANN (1455-1522). 

 German scholar. Born at Pforz- 

 heim, Baden, Feb. 22, 1455, a 

 cousin of 

 Melanchthon, 

 he visited 

 most of the 

 seats of learn- 

 ing in Europe, 

 studied Greek, 

 Latin, and 

 Hebrew, 

 taught juris 

 prudence and 

 literature, was 

 private secretary to the court of 

 Lorenzo de' Medici at Florence, a 



Johann Reuchlin. 

 German scholar 



