RHYTHM 



Rhythm. In music, term used 

 in varying but inter-related ways. 

 Being measured, it implies sub- 

 division, proportion, and perio- 

 dicity as applied to notes, beats, 

 bars, and phrases. (1) As in verse, 

 so also in music, the alternation of 

 strong and weak units (beats) is an 

 essential characteristic. The num- 

 ber of weaker beats intervening 

 between the occurrence of the 

 stronger ones differentiates one 

 time from another. Thus in the 

 following example are shown in 

 simple beats duple, triple, and 

 quadruple times : 



Here are accent and periodicity, 

 but no rhythm. But where music 

 differs from verse is in the much 

 greater freedom with which its 

 beats can be sub-divided. Thus 

 the following is, as regards time, 

 fundamentally the same as the 

 first of the above examples, but 

 the form of each beat is varied 

 rhythmically, thus displaying the 

 quality of proportion : 



(2) Just as a bar consists of a 

 grouping of beats with respect to 

 accent, so a musical phrase is a 

 grouping of the bars, which in 

 themselves are also divided like 

 beats into accented and unaccented, 

 the termination of a phrase being 

 marked by the occurrence of a 

 cadence. According to the number 

 of such bars, the phrase is said to 

 be in two or four bar rhythm, as 

 the case may be. Though phrases 

 of other lengths are often to be 

 found in artistic music, the two or 

 four bar rhythm is so predominant 

 that it is often regarded as funda- 

 mental. In reality, however, it is 

 no more natural than other 

 rhythms, its greater frequency 

 being due to its simplicity and con- 

 sequent ease of apprehension. See 

 Short Treatise on Musical Rhythm, 

 M. Lussy, Eng. trans. E. Fowler, 

 1909. 



R.I. Abbrev. for the Royal In- 

 stitute of Painters in Water Colours. 



Ria (Span., mouth of a river). 

 Long, narrow inlet in the Galician 

 coast of Spain. The name is used 

 for the inlets formed by the sub- 

 mergence of a region of mountain 

 ridges separated by valleys. The 

 sunken ridges become rocky pro- 

 montories separating tapering rias, 

 which, unlike fiords, shallow con- 

 tinuously the farther they penetrate 

 into the land. Bantry Bay, Ken- 

 mare River, and Dingle Bay in Ire- 

 land, and Falmouth and Plymouth 

 Sounds in S.W. England, are ex- 

 amples of rias. 



660O 



Riajsk. Town of Central Russia. - 

 It is in the govt., and 60 m. S.E., 

 of Ryazan, on the Khupta. and an 

 important junction on the Moscow- 

 Kozlov rly. There is considerable 

 trade in grain. Pop. 15,000. 



Riau-Lingga. Archipelago in 

 the E. Indies, forming a Dutch 

 residency. It embraces the Riau 

 (Riouw), Lingga, Tambelan, Natu- 

 na, and other groups of islands. 

 The chief island of the Riau group 

 is Bintang or Riouw, adjacent to 

 which on an islet is Rio (Rouw), 

 the chief town of the residency. 

 Trepang, tin, and pepper are ex- 

 ported. Its area is 16,301 sq. m. 

 Pop. 200,000. 



Rib. In the human being, 

 one of a series of paired, curved 

 bones. They are twelve in num- 



True Ribs 



True/libs 



Rib. Diagram indicating relative 

 portions of true and false ribs 



her on either side of the body, 

 and in either sex. Posteriorly, the 

 ribs articulate with the spinal 

 column. Their anterior ends ter- 

 minate in cartilaginous prolonga- 

 tions, the costal cartilages. The 

 first seven pairs of ribs articulate 

 with the sternum or breast-bone. 

 The cartilages of the next three 

 are attached to the cartilage of the 

 rib above each. The extremities of 

 the last two ribs are entirely free, 

 and for this reason they are some- 

 times termed " floating ribs." At 

 the posterior end is a thickened 

 part known as the head. Along 

 the lower margin of each rib runs a 

 groove which contains a nerve and 

 blood-vessels. 



Fracture of a rib may be pro- 

 duced by direct violence such as a 

 blow, and in that case the bone 

 breaks inwards, and serious in- 

 juries to the pleura, lungs, or liver 

 may result. Indirect violence, 

 such as the passage of a cartwheel 

 over the body, tends to cause frac- 

 ture at the point of maximum cur- 

 vature, the fractured ends being 

 directed outwards. Indirect frac- 

 tures are treated by strapping the 

 affected side of the body with 



RIBBLESDALE 



etrips of adhesive plaster, so as to 

 limit as far as possible movements 

 of the bone. Strapping of a direct 

 fracture is, however, undesirable ; 

 as it tends to drive the broken 

 ends farther inwards. 



A cervical rib is an additional 

 rib, usually present on each side, 

 and arising most frequently from 

 the 7th cervical vertebra. It may 

 be free or may unite with the first 

 rrb. In early life this deformity 

 may produce no symptoms, but as 

 the bone grows it is likely to inter- 

 fere with the arteries and nerves 

 in the neighbourhood, producing 

 neuralgia, paralysis, and possibly 

 gangrene of the fingers from inter- 

 ference with the circulation. When 

 these symptoms make their ap- 

 pearance, the growth should be 

 removed by a surgical operation. 

 See Anatomy ; Man. 



Rib. In aeronautics, that part of 

 an aeroplane which serves to main- 

 tain the designed profile or cross 

 section of the wings and other sur- 

 faces, and to transmit the air pres- 

 sure on the fabric covering to the 

 main spars of the surfaces. The 

 ribs of an aeroplane wing are light 

 wooden or metal structures, spaced 

 along the span of the wings at in- 

 tervals of 6-18 ins., running fore 

 and aft from the leading edge to 

 the trailing edge of the wings, and 

 firmly attached to the main spars. 



R.I.B.A. Abbrev. for Royal 

 Institute of British Architects. See 

 Architect. 



Ribalta, FRANCISCO (1551- 

 1628). Spanish painter. Born at 

 Castellon de la Plana, he studied in 

 Valencia, and for three years in 

 Italy. His best works are to be 

 found in the churches and museums 

 of Valencia ; one may cite espe- 

 cially his great altar-piece, The Last 

 Supper, in the College of Corpus 

 Christi. His Christ borne by two 

 Angels is in the Prado, Madrid. 



Kibble. River of England. It 

 rises on the E. of Whernside and 

 flows through Yorkshire S. and 

 S.W., and forms the boundary of 

 that county with Lancashire for 

 about 6 m. It then resumes a S.W. 

 course through Lancashire to the 

 Irish Sea, which it enters by an 

 estuary having a maximum breadth 

 of 6 m. Preston is situated on 

 its right bank, near the head of the 

 estuary- Its length is 75 m. See 

 Lytham; Preston. 



Ribblesdale, BARON. British 

 title borne by the family of Lister 

 since 1797. The first baron was 

 Thomas Lister, M.P., a wealthy 

 Lancashire manufacturer, and in 

 1876 his descendant, Thomas, be- 

 came the fourth baron. A distin- 

 guished figure in society, he was 

 master of the royal buckhounds 

 1892-95, and was known as a 



