RICHARDSON 



Richardson, SAMITF.I. (1689- 

 1761). English novelist. Born in, 

 Derbyshire, he came to London at 

 the age of seventeen, and was ap- 

 prenticed to the printing trade, be- 

 coming by his industry a prosper- 

 ous master printer, with the offi- 

 cial appointment of printer of the 

 journals of the House of Commons. 

 All his life Richardson displayed a 

 partiality for ladies' society, and 

 this predilection is reflected" in his 

 novels. His genius, however, ma- 

 tured late ; it was not until he was 

 over fifty that he turned his mind 

 to novel writing. His first, Pamela 

 (q.v.), or Virtue Rewarded, 1740, 

 was cast in the form of letters as, 

 indeed, were all .his novels. Pamela 

 was followed by Clarissa Har- 

 lowe (q.v.), 1748. In his third 

 novel, Sir Charles Grandison, 1754, 

 Richardson attempted to delineate 

 virtuous man. The result is a failure. 

 Few have excelled Richardson in 

 knowledge of feminine psychology ; 

 he was much less at home in deal- 

 ing with the sterner sex. Though 

 often prolix to an unconscionable 

 degree, and lacking in the sense of 

 relevance, Richardson represents a 

 notable landmark in the evolution 

 of the novel. Richardson died July 

 4, 1761. See English Literature ; 

 Fielding, H. ; Novel ; Salisbury 

 Square; consult also Correspond- 

 ence, 6 vols., ed. A. L. Barbauld, 

 1804; Lives, C. L. Thomson, 1900; 

 H. Austin Dobson, 1902. 



Richardson, THOMAS (1870- 

 1912). English professional 

 cricketer. Born at Byfleet, Surrey, 

 Aug. 11, 1870, 

 lie first played 

 for his county 

 against Essex 

 at Kennington 

 Oval in 1892. 

 One of the 

 fastest bowlers 

 the game has 

 produced, h e 

 recorded many 

 notable per- 

 formances. He took part in four 

 test matches in England against 

 the Australians, one in 1893 and 

 three in 1896, and toured with 

 English teams in Australia, his 

 bowling analysis for these games 

 being 88 wickets for an average of 

 25-22 runs. He died July 3, 1912. 



Richborough. British seaport. 

 It stands on the estuary of the 

 Stour between Sandwich and 

 Ramegate. After the outbreak of 

 the Great War, congestion at the 

 ports necessitated the provision of 

 greater transport facilities between 

 England and France, and the 

 stretch of coast in the vicinity of 

 the ruins of Richborough Castle was 

 selected as the site of a new one. 

 Work was commenced in April, 



T. Richardson, 

 English cricketer 



1916, and carried on continuously 

 during the war until the works 

 covered an area of 2,200 acres. 



The diversion of the river Stour, 

 known as the New Cut, provides a 

 basin or dock. Near the end of 

 the wharf, at the mouth of th 

 river, is the terminus of the cros&- 

 Channel goods train ferry. A 

 number of slips are provided for 

 the construction of steel barges. 

 ^ Cross-Channel traffic commenced 

 'in Dec., 1916, and in the following 

 two years the transport of war 

 materials amounted to 1,250,000 

 tons, while 157,000 tons of war 

 salvage were imported. This in- 

 cluded 18,000 guns, carriages and 



4 



A/HrJ.Bighmore 



limbers. In addition, the train 

 ferry dealt with enormous quan- 

 tities of materials and wheeled 

 vehicles. This new port bids fair to 

 retain its position of importance in 

 future trade between Great Britain 

 and the Continent. In 1921 it was 

 purchased by the Port of Queen- 

 borough Development Company. 



Richborough was the Roman 

 Rutupiae, the principal port of 

 entrance to Britain. The ruins of 

 the castle the Romans built include 

 a wall, 460 ft. long and 32 ft, high, 

 in the centre of which is S. Augus- 

 tine's Cross, a mass of stonework 

 and rubble possibly created to sup- 

 port a lighthouse. See Channel 

 Ferry ; consult also The Romance 

 of Richborough, L. Shandel, preface 

 by Viscount Northcliffe, 1921. 



Riche OB RICH, BAENABE (c. 

 1540-1617). English soldier and 

 romance writer. Of his 20 or 30 

 works, modelled more or less on 

 Lyly's Euphues and borrowed 



RICHELIEU 



from Bandello and other Italian 

 novelists, Riche, His Farewell to 

 the Militarie Profession, 1581, con- 

 tained the story of Apollonius aiKl 

 Silla, from which Shakespeare de- 

 rived the plot of Twelfth Night. 



Richebourg-L'Avoue. Village 

 of France, in the dept. of Pas-de- 

 Calais. It is 7 m. N.E. of Be^hune. 

 Prominent in the earlier fighting 

 in the Great War, it and the ad- 

 joining village of Richebourg St. 

 Vaast were the scene of an attack 

 by the British 1st div. on May 9, 

 1915. See Festubert, Battle of. 



Richelieu. River of Canada. It 

 issues from Lake Champlain, and, 

 flowing N. for about 80 m., falls 

 into Lake St. Peter, an expansion 

 of the St. Lawrence, at Sorel. It is 

 part of the waterway between the 

 St. Lawrence and the Hudson 

 rivers, and is navigable for large 

 vessels. The river is also known 

 as the Chambly and the St. John. 



Richelieu, ARMAND JEAN Du- 

 PLESSIS, CARDINAL, Due DE (1585- 

 1642). French statesman. Bora 

 Sept. 5, 1585, he entered the 

 Church, found political employ- 

 ment, and was the real director of 

 French policy almost throughout 

 the reign of Louis XIII. His 

 policy was that which had been 

 inaugurated by Henry IV, of which 

 the three leading features were the 

 aggrandisement of France, the con- 

 centration of power in the hands 

 of the monarch and his chosen 

 ministers, and religious toleration. 

 The crown had to contend with 

 the efforts of the nobility, largely 

 Huguenot, to recover the political 

 ascendancy of which Henry IV had 

 sought to deprive them ; hence 

 there was a prolonged struggle 

 which had the appearance of a 

 contest between Roman Catholic- 

 ism and the reformed religion. 

 Richelieu triumphed, but used his 

 triumph as a victory for toleration 

 as concerned the Huguenot re- 

 ligion, and a victory for the crown 

 as concerned the nobility. 



Owing to the struggle with which 

 he was perpetually occupied until 

 the end of 1630, Richelieu was pre- 

 vented from taking the active part 

 which he desired in the earlier 

 stages of the Thirty Years' War 

 (q.v. ). Nevertheless his diplomacy 

 had much to do with the interven- 

 tion of Gustavua Adolphus in 1630, 

 and after 1635 he himself inter- 

 vened vigorously, though always 

 with the sole purpose of aggrandis- 

 ing France. Even to the end, how- 

 ever, Richelieu had to defend him- 

 self perpetually against the in- 

 trigues of the nobles, which he in- 

 variably succeeded in crushing 

 with the loyal support of the king. 

 He died Dec. 4, 1642. When he died 

 all France enjoyed complete liberty 



