RITUAL 



the early part of his career he was 

 much influenced by Baur, but later 

 the teachings of Lot 7.0 led him to 

 modify his views. He belonged to 

 the Neo-Kantian school of thought, 

 which, in view of the generally 

 materialistic attitude of German 

 scientists, was disposed to regard 

 the thing-in-itself as supplying a 

 way of escape for those who sought 

 a ground of faith beyond the 

 bounds of human knowledge. He 

 regarded such questions as the 

 existence of God and the immor- 

 tality of the soul as not being of 

 the essence of theology, which 

 should concern itself rather with 

 the education of the soul in ac- 

 cordance with the teachings of the 

 Bible. He was the author of 

 Theology and Metaphysics, and 

 died March 20, 1889. 



Bibliography. The Ritschlian 

 Theology, J. 'Orr, 1897 ; The Ritsch- 

 lian Theology, A. E. Garvie, 1899 ; 

 Ritschlianism, J. Orr, 1903 ; Faith 

 and Morals : Faith as Ritschl 

 Defined It, W. Hermann, Eng. 

 trans. 1904. 



Ritual (Lat. ritus, a rite). Name 

 given to forms or ceremonies used 

 in public worship. Ritual is found 

 in every type of religion. It serves 

 two purposes: (1) to express the 

 devotion of the worshippers to- 

 wards the object of their worship ; 

 (2) to illustrate or convey the 

 message or teaching of the God 

 who is worshipped to the minds 

 of the worshippers. Many forms 

 are used in ritual, e.g. an estab- 

 lished order of prayer, the singing 

 of hymns, the vestments of the 

 clergy, the use of incense, etc. See 

 Oxford Movement. 



Ritualism. System of conduct- 

 ing worship according to a ritual 

 It has come to be used, however, 

 usually in a derogatory sense, of 

 the High Church or Tractarian 

 movement in the Church of Eng- 

 land. The Oxford movement led 

 many clergymen to pay greater 

 attention to ceremonial in wor- 

 ship, and altar lights, vestments, 

 incense, etc., were introduced 

 in many churches. These were 

 authorised, it was urged, by the 

 ornaments rubric of the Prayer 

 Book, which prescribed the use of 

 such ornaments as were in use in the 

 second year of King Edward VI 

 (1548), but many churchmen ob- 

 jected very strongly to them, as 

 savouring of Roman Catholicism, 

 and in several cases legal proceed- 

 ings were taken. The most famous 

 was when Edward King, bishop of 

 Lincoln, was put on his trial. A 

 royal commission inquired into 

 this subject in 1867, and in 1874 

 was passed the Public Worship 

 Regulation Act, directed against 

 ritualistic practices. In 1906 a 



6634 



RIVER 



Riva, Italy. The town and northern end of Lago di Garda 



royal commission on ecclesiastical 

 discipline made further recom- 

 mendations for checking excessive 

 ritual. See Church of England; 

 Lincoln Judgement ; Oxford Move- 

 ment ; Pusey, E. B. 



Riva. Town of Italy, in the 

 Trentino. It occupies a picturesque 

 situation at the base of the pre- 

 cipitous Rocchetta, 4,976 ft., on 

 the shore of Lago di Garda, 10 m. 

 W.S.W. of Roveredo. The Palazzo 

 Pretorio, built by the Scaligers in 

 1370, is used as a law court. The 

 12th century castle of La Rocca is 

 used as a barracks. Pop. 4,000. 



Rivadavia, BERNARDINO (1780- 

 1845). Argentine statesman. In 

 1826 he was chosen president of 

 the new con- 

 federation. In 

 the following 

 year he re- 

 signed, and he 

 died in exile at 

 Cadiz. 



Rivals, THE. 

 Five-act 

 comedy by R. 

 B. Sheridan, 

 pro duced at 

 Covent Garden 

 1775. Badly 



Bernardino Riva- 

 davia, 

 Argentine statesman 



Theatre, Jan. 17, 

 received at first, it soon became a 

 triumphant success, and remains 

 among the most popular of purely 

 English comedies. Its author's first 

 play, written when he was only 23, 

 the easy satirising of foibles of con- 

 temporary character marked his 

 innate genius. The scenes are laid 

 in Bath, and several characters of 

 the play have become familiar to 

 all, e.g. Bob Acres and Mrs. Mala- 

 prop. The Rivals marks the close 

 of the period of sentimental comedy. 



Rive-de-Gier. Town of France. 

 In the dept. of Loire, it stands on 

 the Gier and the Canal du Gier or 

 de Givors, 13 m. N.E. of St. 

 Etienne. It has coal, iron, steel, 

 and glass works, and there are silk 

 factories. Pop. 15,700. 



River. Channel by which the 



"rainfall on the land reaches the 



sea or basins of inland drainage. 



A river system or drainage area 



comprises the main river and its 

 tributaries. The line bounding the 

 drainage area is called the water 

 divide or watershed. 



Some rivers, especially those 

 which flow through rainless areas 

 and receive their water only from 

 rains near their sources, are inter- 

 mittent, and by excessive evapora- 

 tion may cease to flow in their 

 lower reaches. Most rivers have 

 seasonal periods of flood, due either 

 to heavy rainfall or to the melting 

 of snows at their sources. Rivers 

 in high latitudes freeze in winter, 

 but an undercurrent generally re- 

 mains in motion. When such rivers 

 break up in spring there are heavy 

 floods. In the N. hemisphere rivers 

 flowing polewards are deflected by 

 the rotation of the earth, and press 

 against their E. banks ; those 

 flowing equatorwards press against 

 their W. banks. The banks of a 

 river are termed right and left, 

 applied in the direction of flow. 

 Drainage follows the natural slope 

 of the ground, and valleys in nearly 

 all cases are the work of the rivers 

 themselves. In regions of soluble 

 rock rivers sometimes flow beneath 

 the ground. 



River systems are not fixed, but 

 are steadily changing and develop- 

 ing. Rivers which follow the 

 natural slope of the ground are 

 termed consequent rivers ; their 

 tributaries, which cut valleys 

 quickly along relatively soft strata, 

 are termed subsequent rivers. 

 Rivers which flowed across a 

 country before mountains were 

 elevated, and where downward 

 erosion has kept pace with the 

 elevation, flow in gorges through 

 mountain ranges ; they are 

 termed antecedent rivers. A river 

 is always lengthening its course by 

 eating backwards with its source 

 streams ; in this way one river 

 may tap another, and by capturing 

 its waters become rejuvenated. 



A typical river shows three 

 characteristic portions: (1) the 

 torrential course ; (2) the valley 

 course ; (3) the plain track. In its 

 torrential course it flows down the 



