RIVERS 



Rivers, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, 

 2ND EARL (c. 1442-83). English 

 statesman. Son of the 1st earl, he 

 fought at Tow- 

 ton in 1461, and 

 in 1469 he 

 became lieu- 

 tenant of Calais 

 and succeeded 

 to his father's 

 title. He ac- 

 quired great 

 influence in the 



Yorkist party, 2 nd Earl Rivers, 

 for whom he English statesman 

 defended Lon- 

 don. His chief claim to fame lies in 

 the fact that his Dictes and Say- 

 inges of the Philosophers was the 

 first production of Caxton's press, 

 1477, and therefore the first book 

 printed in England. On the death 

 of Edward IV, Earl Rivers fell a 

 victim to the malice of Richard 

 III, and was beheaded at Ponte- 

 fract, June 25, 1483. See Bible. 



Riverside. City of California, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Riverside 

 co. It stands on the Santa Ana 

 river, 58 m. E.S.E. of Los Angeles, 

 and is served by the Atchison, 

 Topeka, and Santa Fe and other 

 rlys. The neighbouring district 

 produces large quantities of 

 oranges and lemons. Portland 

 cement is manufactured. River- 

 side was settled in 1870 and in- 

 corporated in 1883. The chief of 

 its famous drives is Magnolia 

 Avenue, 10 m. long. Pop. 19,300. 



Riverside, California. Magnolia Avenue, one of the 

 famous drives in the capital of the fruit-growing district 



Rives, WILLIAM CABELL (1793- 

 1868). American politician. Born 

 in Virginia, he became a leader of 

 the Democrats in that state. He was 

 a member of the House of Repre- 

 sentatives, 1823-29, and of the 

 Senate, 1832-34, and again, 1835- 

 45. Rives was U.S. minister in 

 Paris, 1829-32, and again, 1849-53. 



Riveting. Method of joining 

 the edges of metal plates. The 

 to be riveted are either 



6638 



overlapped to make a lap joint 

 (Fig. 1), or are brought squarely 

 together and both riveted to a 

 strap on one side single butt 

 joint (Fig. 2), or to strips on both 

 sides double butt joint (Fig. 3). 

 A lap joint is sometimes strength- 

 ened with a strap (Fig. 4). 



Rivets have snap (spherical), 

 pan, conical, or countersunk heads 

 (Fig. 7), and the joints are 

 " closed " to one or other of these 

 forms. Since the sectional area 

 of a rivet increases as the square 

 of the diameter, while the area of 

 the metal against which it presses 

 increases only directly as the 

 diameter, the size which can be 

 advantageously employed for any 

 one thickness of plate must neces- 

 sarily be limited. The formula 

 D = 1'2 x/r is generally used, 

 where D = diameter of rivet and 

 t= thickness of the plate. 



For single-riveted joints the 

 pitch, or distance between centres 

 of rivets, is based upon the quality 

 of the rivets and the plates riveted. 

 The minimum is two diameters, 

 the maximum about three dia- 

 meters. The strength of a single- 

 riveted joint is about 60 p.c. that 

 of the undrilled plates. 



Double-riveted joints have two 

 rows of rivets, either in line with 

 one another chain riveting (Fig. 

 5), or staggered, as shown in 

 Fig. 6. The rivets of a row can 

 be placed twice as far apart as for 

 single riveting. Double riveting 

 gives a strength 

 of about 75 p.c., 

 treble riveting of 

 about 85 p.c. 

 In butt joints the 

 riveting on each 

 side the seam is 

 the same as in a 

 lap joint. 



The best method 

 of making rivet 

 holes is by drilling 

 If plates are 

 punched, the holes 

 should be made 

 under size and 

 afterwards be 

 reamed to full size. 

 No hole should 

 be less than one 

 diameter from an 

 edge. 



Steel and iron rivets (unless sma 11 

 or very long) are heated to redness 

 before being closed, either with a 

 hand-hammer, a pneumatic ham- 

 mer, or a hydraulic or electric 

 press (see Hydraulic Machinery). 

 In hand-riveting the head of the 

 rivet is " held up " with a hammer 

 much heavier than the striking 

 hammer, and the point is finished 

 off with a snap or mould. Hy- 

 draulic riveting, now used wher- 



RIVIERA 



ever possible for large work, is 

 much the quickest and gives the 

 best results. To close a large rivet 

 and press the plates together, a 

 squeeze of 150-200 tons is exerted. 

 Riveted joints are subsequently 

 made tight along the edges with 

 a hammer and caulking tool. 



Riviera. Narrow coast strip on 

 the Ligurian Sea (q.v. ), extending 

 from Frejus to Leghorn. Backed 

 by the S. slopes of the Maritime and 

 Ligurian Alps and the Ligurian 

 Apennines, it stretches for 140 m. 

 E. and W. of Genoa as the Riviera 

 di Levante and Riviera di Ponente 

 respectively. With all the charm of 

 a mt. background, a delightfully 

 sunny winter climate, rich typically 

 Mediterranean vegetation, and a 

 wonderful glow of colours, it is a 

 noted tourist resort. 



In the W. the French littoral 

 surrounds the principality of Mon- 

 aco ; here are Nice, Antibes, 

 Hyeres, Villefranche, and Monte 

 Carlo. In the larger Italian section 

 to the E. are Savona, Genoa, and 

 Spezia. The indigenous flora has 

 been so enriched with imported 

 plants that there are specimens 

 of all the most notable plants 

 of the world, including thirty 

 species of palms, eucalypts, and 

 camphor trees. The season ex- 

 tends from November to May. 

 Communications include the 

 Corniche Road, the P.-L.-M. and 

 Italian State rlys., local and other 

 steamers, and tramways. Cannes, 

 Mentone, Grasse, San Remo, 

 Rapallo, Bordighera are other 

 notable resorts. 



Coum.ersunk 



Riveting. Examples in common use. 

 See text 



