ROERMOND 



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ROGERS 



Roermond. Town of the 

 Netherlands, in the prov. of Lim- 

 burg. It lies on the right bank of 

 the Meuse, here joined by the Roer, 

 28 m. by rly. N.E. of Maestricht, 

 and is a rly. junction. It has in- 

 dustries in cloth and tobacco manu- 

 facture, and considerable traffic. 

 The town is partly surrounded by 

 promenades built on the site of the 

 old fortifications. The 13th century 

 minster contains some interesting 

 carving and tombs. The cathedral 

 of S. Christopher has three main 

 towers and several noteworthy 

 paintings. Fortified from the 13th 

 century, Roermond changed hands 

 several times during the wars 

 against the Spaniards, who were 

 finally expelled in 1702. In 1706 

 it became the capital of Austrian 

 Gelderland, and from 1793-1814 

 was in French possession. The 

 bishopric, founded 1561, was 

 merged with that of Liege in 1801. 

 Pop. 14,000. Pron. Roormond. 



Rogation Days. Three fast 

 days observed by the Roman 

 Catholic and Anglican churches. 

 They are the Monday, Tuesday, 

 and Wednesday before Ascension 

 Day, the preceding Sunday, the 

 5th after Easter, being known as 

 Rogation Sunday. Mamertus, 

 bishop of Vienne, is said to have 

 instituted processions with litanies 

 (Lat. rogatio, an intercession) on 

 these days, on the occasion of 

 earthquakes and volcanic eruptions 

 in his diocese, about A.D. 467. The 

 practice rapidly spread through 

 the Western Church. In the 

 Church of England, which has no 

 special prayers for these days, the 

 only survival of the processions are 

 the perambulations of parishes, 

 still maintained in some places, 

 and known as beating the bounds. 

 An old name for Rogation days is 

 Gang days, from Anglo-Saxon 

 gangan, to go, walk. See Bounds, 

 Beating the ; Litany. >. - 



Roger (1031-1101). Count of 

 Sicily. Son of Tancred of Haute- 

 ville, Normandy, he assisted his 

 brother, Robert Guiscard (q.v. ), to 

 conquer Calabria, 1057-62, and 

 then crossed to Sicily, where he 

 spent the next 30 years in subduing 

 the Moslem rulers. His government 

 of the island was generous and 

 just, and the conquered Arabs 

 eventually became his loyal sub- 

 jects. On Robert's death in 1085, 

 he succeeded to his dominions on 

 the mainland, dying June 22, 1101. 



Roger (c. 1093-1154). King of 

 Sicily. Son of Count Roger, he 

 was an ambitious man, and in 

 1127 claimed Apulia, the throne of 

 which was vacant by the death of 

 his cousin William. Invested duke 

 of Apulia in 1128, he extended his 

 authority through the S. of Italy, 



and, as a reward for supporting 

 Pope Anacletus II against his rival, 

 Innocent II, Roger was made king 

 of Sicily. Fiercely subduing insur- 

 rection in Sicily and resisting the 

 war-like advances of rival powers 

 from the N., he attacked the 

 Byzantine empire, 1146, ravaged 

 Greece and Dalmatia, and in 1147 

 conquered parts of N. Africa. He 

 maintained a splendid court, and 

 governed his dominions well. He 

 died Feb. 26, 1154. 



Rogers, HENRY (1806-77). Brit- 

 ish divine. Born at St. Albans, Oct. 

 18,1806, the son of a surgeon, he was 

 educated at 

 Highbury Col- 

 1 e g e for the 

 Nonconform- 

 i s t ministry. 

 After a few 

 years passed in 

 charge of a 

 church at 

 Poole, he was 

 appointed in 

 1836 professor 

 of English literature at University 

 College, London. In 1839 he 

 became professor at Spring Hill 

 College, and in 1858 principal of 

 Lancashire Independent College. 

 He retired in 1871, and died Aug.21, 

 1877. A powerful thinker, Rogers 

 exercised great influence over his 

 pupils and by his writings, of which 

 The Eclipse of Faith is the best 

 known. He contributed much to 

 The Edinburgh Review and The 

 British Quarterly, and edited the 

 works of John Howe. 



Rogers, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD 

 (1823-90). British political econo- 

 mist. Born at West Meon, Hamp- 

 shire, and 

 educated at 

 King's Col- 

 lege, London, 

 and Magdalen 

 Hall, Oxford, 

 he took orders 

 and worked 

 as a parish 

 priest until 

 1860, when he 

 threw up his 

 profession 

 and devoted himself to teach- 

 ing and the study of political 

 economy. While living in Oxford, 

 he was four times examiner in 

 classics, and published verse trans- 

 lations from Euripides, Horace, and. 

 Juvenal. In 1859 he was appointed 

 Tooke professor of statistics and 

 economic science at King's College, 

 London, a position which he held 

 until his death at Oxford, Oct. 12, 

 1890. His greatest work, the His- 

 tory of Agriculture and Prices in 

 England, was begun in 1860, the 

 first two volumes being published 

 in 1866, and his reputation was 



J. Thorold Rogers, 



British political 



economist 



J. Guinness Rogers, 

 British divine 



recognized in 1862 by his appoint- 

 ment for five years as Drummond 

 professor of political economy at 

 Oxford. From 1880-86 he was 

 in Parliament as a Gladstonian 

 Liberal, and in 1888 was re-elected 

 Drummond professor at Oxford. 



His History of Agriculture is a 

 monumental record of research for 

 the English period, 1259-1793. 

 It was supplemented by the im- 

 portant Six Centuries of Work 

 and Wages, 2 vols., 1884. 



Rogers, JAMES GUINNESS (1822- 

 1911). British divine. Born at 

 Enniskillen, Dec. 29, 1822, the son 

 of the Rev. 

 Thomas 

 Rogers, he 

 was educated 

 at a school at 

 Wakefield, at 

 Trinity Col- 

 lege, Dublin, 

 and for the 

 ministry a t 

 Manch ester. 

 In 1846 he 

 became minister of a Congrega- 

 tional church at Newcastle-upon- 

 Tyne, afterwards having charge of 

 churches at Ashton-under-Lyne 

 (1851-65), and Grafton Square, 

 Clapham (1865-1900). He died 

 Aug. 20, 1911. Rogers was perhaps 

 better known as a political speaker 

 than as a preacher. A strong 

 Liberal and a friend of Gladstone, 

 he was one of the champions of 

 Nonconformist and Liberal causes. 



Rogers, SAMUEL (1763-1855). 

 British poet. Born at Stoke 

 Newington, July 30, 1763, he 

 entered his father's bank as a 

 youth, and became head of it in 

 1793. His leisure was devoted to 

 the cultivation of literature, and by 

 1792 he had established his fame 

 as a poet with the very successful 

 Pleasures of Memory. About this 

 time Rogers took rooms in the 

 Temple and soon had a large circle 

 of acquaintances among the lead- 

 ing literary men of the day. The 

 circle was further extended when 

 he withdrew from active manage- 

 ment of the bank. 



Rogers's breakfasts became 

 famous, the conversational powers 

 of the host himself contributing not 

 a little to their success. Among 

 his friends were numbered Byion, 

 Campbell, Moore, Wordsworth, 

 Jeffrey, Fox, and Sheridan. At St. 

 James's Place, also, he began to 

 amass the magnificent art collection 

 and library which after his death 

 were sold for 50,000. Exceedingly 

 fastidious in his work, Rogers's 

 literary output was comparatively 

 small. His poems include, in 

 addition to The Pleasures of 

 Memory, Columbus. 1810, a frag- 

 ment of an epic, Jacqueline, 1814, 



