ROLLS SERIES 



6672 



ROMAN CATHOLIC 



at an angle of 60 degrees one to 

 the other, and driving the air-screw 

 through an epicyclic reduction gear. 



The first three engines all played 

 an important part in the war the 

 Hawk for training purposes, and 

 the Falcon and the Eagle on war 

 machines. The Condor engine had 

 not passed the experimental stage 

 when the Armistice was signed. 

 Since the conclusion of hostilities 

 the Rolls-Royce engine has added 

 to its long list of achievements by 

 propelling the Vickers-Vimy ma- 

 chine which made the first non- 

 stop night from America to Ireland. 



Rolls Series. Name given to 

 the editions of the works of the 

 early English historians, and to 

 other historical documents pub- 

 lished under the direction of the 

 master of the rolls. In 1857 Sir 

 John Romilly, then master, was 

 authorised to begin the publication 

 of the series, and it was decided 

 to treat each chronicle or collec- 

 tion of documents as a separate 

 work. By 1914 no fewer than 99 

 separate works had appeared in 

 251 volumes, these including the 

 chronicles of Matthew Paris, Roger 

 of Hoveden, and others, as well as 

 public records of various kinds. 

 Introductions were written by the 

 editors, some of which, notably 

 ihose by Bishop Stubbs, are valu- 

 able contributions to historical 

 knowledge. See Record Office. 



Roma. Town in Roma co., 

 Queensland, Australia. It is on 

 the Warrego river, 318 m. by rail 

 W. of Brisbane on the line to 

 Charleville and Cunnamulla. It is 

 in a pastoral dist. Pop. 3,200. 



Roma. Personification of the 

 imperial power of Rome. She was 

 worshipped both in Rome and Asia 

 Minor, where the first temple was 

 built in her honour at Smyrna in 

 195 B.C. On Roman coins, she was 

 represented as a warlike heroine, 

 leaning on a shield, with the goddess 

 of victory on her right. A temple 

 of Venus and Roma was erected 

 in Rome by Hadrian. See Marcus 

 Aurelius ; illus. Palatine Hill. 



Roxnagna. Name of the N.E. 

 part of the former Papal States, 

 Italy. The area now comprises the 

 modern provs. of Bologna, Fer- 

 rara, Ravenna, and Forli, all in the 

 compartimento of Emilia. It was 

 acquired by the popes in 1278, was 

 surrendered by them in 1797, and 

 was joined to Piedmont in 1860. 

 Area, 3,929. Pop. 1,500,000. 



Romagne. Village of France in 

 the dept. of Meuse. It is 4 m. N. of 

 Montfaucon and is sometimes 

 known as Romagne-sous-Mont- 

 faucon. It was prominent in the 

 fighting in the Meuse- Argonne area 

 in the Great War, and was specially 

 associated with the American cam- 



paign there in '1918, being cap- 

 tured by the 32nd U.S. div. on 

 Oct. 14, 1918. Up to Mar. 1, 1921, 

 there was a great American ceme- 

 tery here, containing the graves of 

 22,000 soldiers who fell in the 

 Argonne, but on that date the 

 work of transporting the bodies to 

 America was begun. See Argonne, 

 Campaign in the ; Meuse- Argonne. 

 Roman OR ROMANU. Town of 

 Moldavia, Rumania, the chief 

 town of a department of the same 

 name. It stands at the confluence 

 of the Moldava and the Sereth, 



about 35 m. S.W. of Jassy. It has 

 a fine cathedral, built in 1541, and 

 a handsome bridge across the Mol- 

 dava, and is the seat of a Greek 

 bishop. Pop. 14,000. The area of 

 the prov. is 810 sq. m., and its 

 population 128,000. 



Roman Candle. Species of 

 firework. The powder is contained 

 in a cardboard tube. A con- 

 tinuous shower of sparks follows 

 ignition, brilliant balls of fire being 

 ejected at intervals. This type of 

 firework was first made in Italy, 

 hence its name. See Fireworks. 



THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 



Canon W. F. Barry, Author of The Papal Monarchy, etc. 



In asking a distinguished Roman Catholic scholar to write this 

 article it was assumed that, although the point of view might be 

 sympathetic, the expression should be impartial. It will be read in 

 that light. See the article Protestantism for the other side of the 

 question. See also Christianity ; Eucharist ; Jesuits ; Monasticism ; 

 the articles on the saints and fathers of the Church ; also Papacy and 

 biographies of the popes ; and entries on Cope and other vestments 



The compound term Roman 

 Catholics is not admitted, save 

 by accident or under protest, in 

 documents emanating from the 

 authorities of the institution thus 

 described. The Vatican Council 

 of 1870, in its decree Dei Filius, 

 speaks of the " Holy Catholic 

 Apostolic Roman Church " ; and 

 these words take us back to the 

 Nicene Creed (325-379), beyond 

 which the Apostles' Creed, of still 

 higher antiquity, bears witness to 

 primitive belief in the Catholic 

 Church, as founded by Jesus 

 Christ, and commissioned to teach 

 all nations (Matt, xxviii, 19, 20). 



S. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, 

 speaks of Rome as " the greatest 

 church, the most ancient and con- 

 spicuous, founded and established 

 by Peter and Paul " ; he declares 

 that " to this Church every Church, 

 that is, the faithful from every 

 side, must resort on account of 

 the more powerful primacy." S. 

 Cyprian, who pleaded with elo- 

 quence for the "unity of the 

 Catholic Church," calls Rome "the 

 see of Peter and the principal 

 Church, whence the unity of the 

 priesthood took its rise." 

 Early Popes 



S. Irenaeus and others give cata- 

 logues of the popes immediately 

 following- -, Peterto their own times. 

 S. Silvester confirmed the Nicene 

 decrees of 325 ; S. Celestine dic- 

 tated those of Ephesus of 431 ; S. 

 Leo the Great's " Tome," or dog- 

 matic letter, was accepted by the 

 six hundred bishops at Chalcedon, 

 in 451, who acknowledged him to 

 be " keeper of the vine," and" arch- 

 bishop of the whole world." 



None of the early heretics 

 could persuade the popes to show 

 them favour ; while saints of the 



East, like Athanasius, Basil, John 

 Chrysostom, and Cyril of Alexand- 

 ria, made appeal to them in support 

 of the Catholic creed. S. Jerome, 

 by far the most learned among 

 orthodox writers in the first six 

 centuries, asks in controversy with 

 Rufinus, " what does he call his 

 faith ? If he answer Roman, then 

 we are Catholics " ; and to Pope 

 Damasus he writes, " I who follow 

 none but Christ am in communion 

 with the Beatitude, that is to say, 

 with the See of Peter. On that 

 rock, I know, the Church is built." 



Pope Leo I claimed " Peter's 

 privilege " for the see which he oc- 

 cupied. Nor does any historian 

 doubt that, by the middle of the 

 4th century, all the essential 

 features of the papal supremacy, 

 both in ruling and teaching the 

 universal Church, were manifest. 



That which is now termed 

 private judgement or free thought 

 bore during the first period of 

 Christendom the name of heresy. 

 Orthodox Catholics would not 

 suffer it, relying on S. Paul, who 

 pronounced even an angel to be 

 anathema, did he preach " another 

 Gospel " (Galatians i, 8) ; on S. 

 John's command not to receive 

 such a one (2 John 10) ; on the 

 saying of Christ, "If he will not 

 hear the Church, let him be to thee 

 as a heathen and a publican" (Mati. 

 xviii, 17). Hence the bishops, " the 

 succession from the Apostles," de- 

 fended the true revelation against 

 its impugners by insisting on 

 tradition which they expounded 

 according to " the rule of ecclesias- 

 tical and Catholic sense." 



Heretics were cut off, excom- 

 municated if they obstinately 

 held to their doctrines ; and those 

 who set up bishops of their own in 



