ROMANCE 



>uiy look within himself to perceive 

 tbat those emotions are concerned 

 with his love and with his faith. 



The difference between the 

 ^arly c;>ic or chronicle of action 

 nd the true romance was that 

 the former gratified only the ad- 

 miration for heroic deeds which is 

 proper to youth and the early 

 I/rime of life, whether of a man or 

 of a people, whereas the latter satis- 

 tics the permanent emotion of the 

 unman heart by giving a moral 

 purpose to the quest for an ideal, in 

 the course of which the adventures 

 befall the fictitious hero. 



Under the old mythology man 

 was the sport of the gods. In the 

 light of Christianity he appears as 

 master of his fate, able to work 

 out his salvation by faithful devo- 

 tion to an ideal. Under the old 

 dispensation the hero's object 

 was, at its lowest, self-preserva- 

 tion, and. at its highest, self- 

 aggrandisement. Under the new 

 dispensation his purpose is, at its 

 lowest, self-interest, and, at its 

 highest, self-sacrifice. Not until 

 Christianity had quickened chiv- 

 alry into life was the ground 

 ready for romance. (See Novel; Ro- 

 manticism ; Romantic Movement ; 

 consult also The Flourishing of 

 Romance and the Rise of Alle- 

 gory, G. . B. Saintsbury, 1897 ; 

 Epic and Romance, W. P. Ker, 

 2nd ed. 1908 



Romance Languages. Name 

 given to a group of languages, in- 

 cluding a number of dialects, 

 spoken in most of those countries 

 of S. and W. Europe which once 

 belonged to the Roman empire. 

 These languages are : Italian, 

 Spanish, Portuguese, Provengal 

 (with Catalan), Rhaeto-Romanic 

 (spoken in the Orisons and Tirol), 

 Rumanian, and French. They are 

 all descended from Latin, not the 

 literary, but the popular language 

 vulgar Latin or lingua Roman?.. 



The Romance languages, as con- 

 trasted with their parent, are 

 strikingly analytic. There are 

 hardly any traces of noun-inflexion, 

 which is abandoned in favour of 

 prepositions ; auxiliaries are much 

 used in representing verbal in- 

 flexions ; a definite and an in- 

 definite article have been added. 

 On the other hand, the Romance 

 languages exhibit greater wealth of 

 new formations, such as augmen- 

 tatives and diminutives. The voca- 

 bulary is in the main Latin, con- 

 sisting partly of words handed 

 down from generation to genera- 

 tion, partly of words of- more re- 

 cent origin, derived from literary, 

 ecclesiastical, and legal sources. 

 Several other languages have also 

 contributed. There are numerous 

 Celtic elements in French. German 



has supplied many terms, espe- 

 cially in connexion with military 

 and judicial matters, hunting, 

 navigation, and articles of dress. 

 Spanish and Portuguese show 

 considerable traces of Arabic in- 

 fluence. But the most mixed is 

 Rumanian, into which Slavonic, 

 Turkish, Greek, and Illyrico- 

 Albanian elements have made their 

 way. Italian has remained most 

 faithful to the parent language, 

 while French exhibits the greatest 

 divergences. See France ; Latin 

 Language ; Provence ; Spain, etc. 



Roman de la Rose (Fr., ro- 

 mance of the rose). Allegoric, de- 

 scriptive, and philosophic old 

 French poem. The first part, about 

 one-fifth, was written c. 1225 by 

 Guillaume de Lorris, and the rest 

 was added about 1270 by Jean de 

 Meung or Clopinel. Two hundred 

 MS. copies have survived. Lorris 

 wrote of the lover, or love personi- 

 fied, in search of the rose typifying 

 beauty. The continuator ranges 

 over all fields of knowledge and 

 speculation, and in doing so throws 

 much light on the life and thought 

 of the 13th century. The Romance 

 of the Rose had great influence in 

 Italy and England, as well as in 

 France. Chaucer translated nearly 

 one-third of its 22,000 lines. In the 

 16th century Marot rewrote the 

 whole poem in the French of his 

 day ; and in 1878-80 a fresh trans- 

 lation into modern French was 

 published. See English version by 

 F. S. Ellis, 1900. 



Romanes, GEORGE JOHN (1848- 

 94). British scientist. Born at 

 Kingston, Canada, where his father 

 was a p r o- 

 fessor, May 20, 

 1848, he was 

 taken at an 

 early .age 

 to England, 

 where he com- 

 pleted his edu- 

 cation at 

 Caius College, 

 Cambridge. 

 Deciding to 

 make scientific research his life- 

 work, he made many biological ob- 

 servations in a laboratory of his 

 own, at Dunskaith, in Scotland. 

 The results of his work appeared 

 in various papers and lectures, and 

 won for him the F.R.S. 



In early days Romanes had 

 thoughts of becoming a clergyman, 

 but for a time he took up an un- 

 orthodox attitude, and his Candid 

 Examination of Theism, 1878, was 

 antagonistic to accepted beliefs. 

 Later on, he returned to some- 

 thing of his old faith, and revealed 

 this in The Fallacy of Material- 

 ism and some other writings, e.g. 

 Thoughts of Religion, published in 



George J. Romanes, 

 British scientist 



1895. He died in Oxford, May 23, 

 1894. His works include Animal In- 

 telligence, 1881 ; Mental Evolution 

 in Animals, 1883 ; Darwin and after 

 Darwin, 1892-97; and Essays, 

 1897. See his Life and Letters, by 

 his wife, 1896. Pron. Ro-mahnez. 



Romanes Lecture. Annual 

 lecture delivered at Oxford. It was 

 founded by George John" Romanes 

 in 1891, the terms being that a 

 man of eminence shall be elected 

 annually to deliver a lecture on a 

 scientific or literary topic. Glad- 

 stone delivered the first, on Med- 

 ieval Universities, Oct. 24, 1892 ; 

 and later lecturers have included T. 

 H. Huxley, W. Holman Hunt, T. 

 Roosevelt, Viscount Morley, and 

 H. H. Asquith. 



Romanesque Architecture. In 

 general, the style of building pre- 

 valent in Europe from the 4th 

 century to the 12th. Based on 

 Roman architecture, it expressed 

 and developed the principle 

 of the round arch and the 

 vault, but locally it differed 

 widely from its exemplar in plan 

 and constructive aim. Thus the 

 Romanesque period witnessed the 

 development of the cruciform 

 church, henceforward the standard 

 type of medieval church, from the 

 old basilica. With the exception, 

 too, of certain structures in 

 Germany and N. Italy, where 

 the Teutonic builders clung to the 

 old Roman weight and massiveness 

 of masonry up to the 12th century, 

 Romanesque construction was 

 comparatively light. 



Broadly speaking, the style fol- 

 lowed two separate lines of de- 

 velopment, those of the East and 

 the West. That of the East, radi- 

 ating from Constantinople, was 

 known as the Byzantine, and 

 had for its special mission the per- 

 fection of the dome. That of the 

 West was profoundly modified by 

 Byzantinism, especially in Venice, 

 Ravenna, and along the Adriatic 

 shore, and shared with it cer- 

 tain distinctive features, such as 

 the springing of the arch direct 

 from the cushion capital. The 

 progress of Romanesque towards 

 Gothic was more rapid in France 

 than elsewhere ; there builders 

 were the earliest to attack the 

 structural problems, were the great 

 experimenters in the lightening of 

 construction, and invented the 

 flying buttress and, ultimately, the 

 pointed arch. 



Among the principal features of 

 a decorative character in Roman- 

 esque building was the arcade. 

 In the Rhenish towns and through- 

 out N. Italy, arcades are present in 

 vast numbers, sometimes about the 

 size of churches or cloisters, else- 

 where as mere ornament on a blank 



