ROMANO 



6676 



ROMANTIC MOVEMENT 



Giulio Romano, 

 Italian painter 



Romano, Giuuo (c. 1492-1646). 

 Italian painter, whose real name 

 was Giulio Pippi dei Giannuzzi 

 Born in Rome, 

 he studied 

 under Raphael, 

 who employed 

 him at the 

 Vatican. After 

 Raphael's 

 death, the 

 completion of 

 his frescoes in 

 the Hall of 

 Constantino in 

 atij-portrtH tne Vatican 



was entrusted to Giulio and G. 

 Penni. In 1524 Giulio entered the 

 service of Federigo Gonzaga at 

 Mantua, where he acted as architect 

 and decorator of the Palazzo del Te. 

 He died at Mantua, Nov. 1, 1546. 

 See Ceiling ; Cyclopes. 



Romanoff. Name of the family 

 which occupied the throne of Rus- 

 sia, 1613-1917. It derives its name 

 from Roman, a member of an old 

 noble house, whose daughter, An- 

 astasia, married the tsar Ivan the 

 Terrible, while his son, Nikita, 

 married the princess Eudoxia, a 

 descendant of Rurik, the founder 

 of the Russian monarchy. Nikita's 

 son, Feodor, became the patriarch 

 Philaret of Moscow, and his son, 

 Michael Romanoff, was elected 

 tsar in 1613. He was succeeded 

 by his son Alexis, and then by 

 his grandsons, one of whom was 

 Peter the Great. The male line 

 ended with Peter II in 1730, when 

 Anna, daughter of Ivan II, 

 ascended the throne. 



On the extinction of her line, 

 which happened on the death of 

 the empress Elizabeth in 1762, the 

 crown passed to the Holstein- 

 Gottorp or Oldenburg branch. This 

 was descended from Anna, daughter 

 of Peter the Great, and her hus- 

 band, Charles Frederick, duke of 

 Holstein-Gottorp. Its first sove- 

 reign was Peter III, and the family 

 occupied the throne until the abdi- 

 cation of the tsar Nicholas II, Mar. 

 15, 1917. See Moscow; Russia. 



Romanones, FIGUEBOA Y DB 

 TORRES MENDIETA y DB ROMO, 

 DON ALVARO, COUNT OF. Spanish 

 statesman. He 

 entered the 

 Cortes * as 

 Liberal deputy 

 for Guadala- 

 jara and first 

 held office in 

 1905, when he 

 was minister 

 for public 

 works, agri- 

 culture, and 

 commerce. In 

 Nov., 1912, he became Liberal 

 prime minister on the death of Sefior 



Count of Romanones. 

 Spanish statesman' 



Canalejas. Next month the col- 

 lective resignation of the Cabinet 

 was announced, but Romanones 

 remained in power at the head of 

 a new cabinet until May, 1913, 

 when he resigned, but was induced 

 by King Alphonso XIII to remain. 

 In October, 1913, the ministry 

 resigned. Romanones took office 

 as prime minister again in Dec. 

 1915, with a policy of maintaining 

 strict Spanish neutrality. Person- 

 ally, he was strongly convinced of 

 the justice of the allied cause, and 

 for this was violently attacked, but 

 in spite of many difficulties he re- 

 mained in office until May 1, 1917. 

 Foreign minister, Nov., 1918, he 

 was prime minister, Nov., 1918- 

 April, 1919. 



Roman Road. Highway con- 

 structed by the Romans. The 

 Romans were great builders of 

 roads and those they made possess 

 remarkable powers of endurance. 

 In England many roads radiated 

 from London. The chief were 

 Watling Street and Ermine Street ; 

 while three others were Akeman 

 Street, Icknield Way, and the 

 Fosse. See Britain; Road; Wat- 

 ling Street, etc. ; consult also 

 Roman Roads in Early Britain, 

 T. Codrington, 1905. 



Romans. Town of France, in the 

 dept. of Drome. It stands on the 

 right bank of the Isere, 49 m. W. 

 of Grenoble. A bridge connects it 

 with Bourg-de-Peage opposite. It 

 has manufactures of leather, shoes, 

 gloves, baskets, hats, etc., and 

 there is a considerable trade in 

 cloth, liqueurs, and cattle. The 

 mulberry is cultivated, and in the 

 vicinity is the famous vineyard of 

 PErmitage. The town grew up 

 round an abbey founded by S. Bern- 

 ard of Vienne, in 837. Pop. 17,000. 



Romans, EPISTLE TO THE. One 

 of the four principal Epistles of the 

 Apostle S. Paul. The epistle 

 would seem to have been written 

 from Corinth towards the end of 

 the Apostle's third missionary 

 journey, and to have been in- 

 tended to prepare the way for a 

 visit to the Roman Christians, 

 which he was hoping soon to make. 

 'Its purpose is to explain the uni- 

 versal character of the Gospel, 

 and the leading ideas of Christian 

 doctrine, and to give practical 

 advice. 



S. Paul declares that Jew and 

 Gentile alike are assured the 

 righteousness of God by faith 

 (justification by faith). What then 

 becomes of the law ? The answer 

 is that, since Abraham himself was 

 justified by faith apart from the 

 law, justification by faith implies 

 freedom and redemption from the 

 law. The Apostle himself was set 

 free by Christ from the law of sin 



and death (Rom. vii, 13-25 ; cj. 

 1 Cor. xv, 22). If God rejected the 

 Jews in order to save the Gentiles, 

 the responsibility was their own ; 

 and it was still possible for them to 

 be restored to favour (Rom. 9-11). 

 In the practical exhortation the 

 Romans are urged to love the 

 brethren, to submit to the powers 

 that be, to avoid judging one 

 another harshly, and to bear the 

 infirmities of the weak (Rom. 

 12-15). 



The epistle was written about 

 A.D. 58 to a community which in- 

 cluded both Jews and Gentiles. 

 Its genuineness is fully attested. 

 It is included in the Canon of 

 Marcion and in the Muratorian 

 Canon. It was used freely by the 

 author of 1 Peter, and by Clement 

 of Rome, Ignatius, and Polycarp. 

 It has much in common with other 

 epistles written by S. Paul. It 

 should be added that there is 

 manuscript authority for the omis- 

 sion of the words " in Rome " in 

 i, 7, 15; and in some manuscripts 

 the doxology of xvi, 25-27 (A.V.) 

 is found at the end of 14, or in 

 both places, or is not found at all. 

 It is possible, therefore, that there 

 were in circulation abbreviated 

 copies of the epistle. See Bible ; 

 Paul; consult also Romans, W. 

 Sanday and A. C. Headlam, Inter- 

 national Critical Commentary, 

 3rd ed. 1898. 



Romanticism. Movement in 

 art. Embodying a revolt against 

 the classic tradition in art, it began 

 about the middle of the 18th 

 century, and permeated all West- 

 ern Europe. It constituted an 

 appeal to the emotions instead 

 of to the intellect, and reached its 

 climax of intensity in the first part 

 of the 19th century, affecting the 

 modes of the day, when materi- 

 alism in the industrial world had 

 become all-powerful. Its principal 

 manifestations were the school of 

 figure painters headed by Ge"ricault 

 and Delacroix, and that of the 

 Barbizon painters of landscape, 

 while the same ideal was taken up 

 by the English Pre-Raphaelites. 

 There were counterparts of art 

 romanticism in Germany, particu- 

 larly at Diisseldbrf under Schadow's 

 leadership, and also in the Ant- 

 werp school of historical painters. 



Romantic Movement. Name 

 given to a phase through which 

 imaginative fiction in prose and 

 verse passed in the period approxi- 

 mately covered by the last third of 

 the 18th and the first third of the 

 19th century. A reflection in 

 literature of the universal effort at 

 emancipation from tyranny that 

 culminated in the French Revolu- 

 tion, with its later repercussion 

 throughout Europe, it was largely 



