ROMANTIC MUSIC 



6677 



a rebellion against the inflexible 

 rigidity and limited imaginative 

 range of the classical school. 



In Britain the movement is 

 dated as beginning with Percy's 

 Reliques of Ancient Poetry, 1765, 

 and the literary forgeries of Mac- 

 pherson and Chatterton. The 

 native wealth of romantic material 

 thus discovered gave literary 

 genius a new interest in medieval- 

 ism. In The Castle of Otranto, 

 1764, Horace Walpole deliberately 

 made the experiment of blending 

 ancient romance with the modern, 

 grafting the supernatural element 

 of the former on to the realistic 

 truth to life of the latter. His 

 book, with all its faults, obvious 

 even at that time, fixes his place as 

 the inaugurator of the romantic 

 movement that in England passed 

 through Anne Radcliffe, Matthew 

 Gregory Lews, C. R. Maturin, and 

 othecs, to find its full perfection in 

 the romances of Scott and the poet- 

 ry of Byron, Shelley, and Keats. 



In Germany the romantic move- 

 ment may be traced through 

 Goethe (in his first phase), Schiller, 

 Burger, and the Schlegels ; in 

 France through Rousseau, Chateau- 

 briand, the elder Dumas, Victor 

 Hugo, whose Hernani, 1830, marks 

 a climax, Beranger, and de 

 Musset ; in Italy, where it never 

 established itself securely, in 

 Manzoni and Leopardi. See Goethe ; 

 Romance; Rousseau, etc. 



Bibliography. Histoire du Roman- 

 ticisme, T. Gautier, 2nd ed. 1874 ; 

 Views and Reviews : Literature, 

 W. E. Henley, 2nd ed. 1892 ; 

 Main Currents in 19th century 

 Literature, 6 vols., Georg Brandes, 

 Eng. trans. 1901-5 ; English 

 Romantic Movement in the 18th 

 Century, W. D. MacClintock, 1903 ; 

 The Romantic Revolt, C. E. 

 Vaughan, 1907 ; The Age of Words- 

 worth, C. H. Herford, 7th ed. 1909. 



Romantic Music. Term applied 

 to that class of composition which 

 early in the 19th century began to 

 supersede the so-called classical 

 school, as a result of a desire to 

 make music expressive of emotion 

 and imagination rather than 

 merely correct on formal lines. 

 Even in classical times, however, 

 the spirit of romanticism was 

 often present. The later works of 

 Beethoven led up to composers 

 like Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, 

 Mendelssohn, Liszt, and Wagner. 



Roman Wall. Term denoting, 

 in Britain, a Romano-British mural 

 defence. Roman walls were asso- 

 ciated with military frontiers, forts, 

 and towns. Of the first type are 

 Antonine's Wall and Hadrian's 

 Wall. Characteristic examples of 

 the second are Aesica, Castlecary, 

 Cilurnum, and Ribchester. Of the 

 third, besides Silchester and Viro- 



conium, there are good remains at 

 Caerwent, Monmouthshire, the 

 ancient Venta Silurum ; the most 

 perfectly preserved are at Chester, 

 the ancient Deva. Considerable 

 fragments remain in London Wall, 

 Cripplegate, Tower Hill, and else- 

 where hi London. The fort and 

 town walls often included a 

 parapeted roadway for observa- 

 tion and defence, sometimes with 

 bastions and salient towers. The 

 structural details gates, guard- 

 chambers, outer fosse, quadrangu- 

 lar plan with rounded corners 

 were developed from the tempor- 

 ary earthwork camps laid out by 

 Agricola and his successors. See 

 Britain ; Northumberland : consult 

 also Handbook to the Roman 

 Wall, J. C. Bruce, 8th ed. 1921. 



Romany Rye, THE (The Gypsy 

 Gentleman). Autobiographical 

 romance by George Borrow, first 

 published in two volumes in 1857. 

 A sequel to Lavengro (q.v.), and 

 written at Oulton Broad, it recalls 

 some of the author's early experi- 

 ences of gypsy life in England, and 

 is one of the most popular of his 

 works. The title is taken from a 

 song sung by Mr. Pentulengro in 

 chap. 54 of Lavengro. 



Rome. Prov. of Italy. Lying 

 between Tuscany and Campania, 

 its area is 4,664 sq. m. Backed by 

 the Apennines, it is largely 

 mountainous. The Tiber flows 

 through it, and it contains Bolsena, 

 Albano, and other lakes. Although 

 it includes the city of Rome, it is 

 mainly an agricultural area. 



ROME: THE CITY AND ITS HISTORY 



Thomas Ashby, D.Litt., Director of the British School at Rome 



This article deals with the city of Rome, the empire which developed 

 therefrom being the subject of the succeeding article, while a further 

 contribution deals with Roman art. See also the entries Capitol; Forum; 

 Palatine; Vatican; Viminal, and others associated with the city; 

 also Ostia ; Romulus, etc. 



A city of Italy, and capital of the 

 kingdom, and seat of the papacy, 

 Rome stands on the Tiber, mainly 

 on the left bank, 17 m. from its 

 mouth. Pop. (1911) 538,634 



The traditional date of the 

 foundation of Rome is 753 B.C., and 

 recent discoveries have shown that 

 this date is ap- 

 proximately cor- 

 rect. The nucleus 

 of the city was 

 the Palatine hill, 

 no doubt se- 

 lected by the 

 first settlers, 

 whoever they 

 were, owing to its 

 natural advan- 

 tages of strength and position. 

 There were other settlements on 

 the surrounding hills, which were 

 of less importance, and these were 

 fused into one about the middle 

 of the 6th century B.C., when the 

 Cloaca Maxima was constructed, 

 and the adoption of the Forum 

 as a market place made possible. 



To this period belong the earliest 

 city walls, attributed to Servius 

 Tullius, which were reconstructed 

 after the capture of Rome by the 

 Gauls in 390 B.C. ; they enclosed 

 the seven hills of Rome Palatine, 

 Capitol, Aventine, Caelian, Esqui- 

 line, Viminal, and Quirinal. They 

 consisted of a massive embank- 

 ment wall, built on the edge of the 

 cliffs (which were far more promin- 

 ent in ancient times than now, 

 when it is often difficult to recog- 

 nize, them), or protected by a 

 ditch where it was necessary to 

 cross level ground. 



An outpost on the right bank, on 

 the summit of the Janiculum, pro- 

 tected the crossing of the river 

 by the Pons Sublicius, the earliest 

 of Roman bridges, built entirely of 

 wood. The area which these walls 

 enclosed was larger than was 

 actually occupied by buildings, 

 and the growth of the city was 

 naturally at first most rapid in the 

 low ground, where water could be 

 obtained from wells, and where 

 the Tiber, an important water- 

 way, even in early times, was most 

 easily accessible. Its main lines 

 were dictated by the natural fea- 

 tures and by the position of the 

 city gates, from which issued the 

 famous roads which, at first lead- 

 ing only to the villages in the 

 neighbourhood, were gradually 

 extended until they ramified all 

 over the Roman Empire. 



The first military highway, the 

 Via Appia, was constructed in 

 312 B.C., and the first aqueduct 

 dates from the same period. Others 

 followed as occasion demanded, 

 and the provision of a good water 

 supply and no city in the world 

 had or has a better rendered it 

 possible for Rome to extend over 

 the hills. It grew up, however, 

 quite unsystematically ; the area 

 by the river was cramped, although 

 it had already overflowed into the 

 Campus Martius, the low ground 

 on the north by the river, which 

 was originally the drill ground and 

 had been left outside the walls of 

 the city. 



Julius Caesar was the first to 

 attack the problem, in this as in 

 other cases. He remodelled the 



