Bforiz Rosentbal, 

 Galician pianist 



ROSENTHAL 



Rosen thai, MORIZ (b. 1862) 

 Galician pianist Born at Lem berg, 

 Dec. 19, 1862; he studied there and 

 in Vienna, 

 where he made 

 his first con 

 cert appear 

 ance in 1876. 

 He studied 

 also under 

 Liszt, 1876-78, 

 appeared in 

 Paris and St 

 Petersburg, 

 1878, and re- 

 tired from public playing, 1878-84, 

 in order to study classics and 

 philosophy. His superb technique 

 and great interpretative powers 

 made him one of the foremost 

 pianists of the day, and he toured 

 widely in Britain. Europe, and 

 the U.S.A. 



Rose of Jericho (Anastatica 

 hierochuntina). Annual herb of the 

 natural order Cruciferae. A native 

 of Syria and N. Africa, it has some- 

 what oval leaves and small white, 

 four-petalled flowers. After flower- 

 ing, the leaves fall off, and the 

 stalks curve towards the centre of 

 the plant, forming a lattice sphere, 

 in which form the plant dies and 

 dries, gets blown out of the ground, 

 and bowls along before the wind. 

 On coming, perhaps many months 

 later, into moist surroundings, all 

 the parts straighten out the so- 

 called rose expands, and the seed- 

 pouches open and disperse their 

 contents. 



Rose of Sharon. Name of an 

 unknown flower, perhaps the au- 

 tumn crocus, or a narcissus, men- 

 tioned in The Song of Solomon, ii, 1. 

 The name is popularly given to 

 Hibiscus syriacus, an ornamental 

 shrub related to the mallows, and 

 to Hypericum calycinum, the large 

 St. John's wort (q.v. ). 



Roses, WARS OF THE. Contest be- 

 tween the rival houses of Lancaster 

 and York for the crown of England, 

 in the 15th century. It is so called 

 because the Lancastrians assumed 

 the red rose and the Yorkists the 

 white as their badges. In 1447 

 Henry VI, by the death of his uncle, 

 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, be- 

 came the sole legitimate repre- 

 sentative of the house of Lancas- 

 ter. The heir presumptive to 

 Henry was Richard, duke of York, 

 who through his mother, Anne 

 Mortimer, represented Lionel, duke 

 of Clarence, the second son of 

 Edward III. Strictly speaking, if 

 the Mortimer line be regarded as 

 being in the royal succession, he 

 was the rightful heir, but the house 

 of Lancaster had been placed in a 

 privileged position in 1399. 



King Henry VI periodically be- 

 came insane. Richard, as next 



6706 



prince of the blood, claimed a lead- 

 ing place in the Council, and the 

 foremost place when the' king was 

 incapacitated. Hence there was a 

 continual struggle between Richard 

 and his partisans on the one side 

 and the queen and the Beauforts 

 on the other. In Oct.. 1453, an 

 heir was born to Henry, and 

 Richard's expectation of one day 

 succeeding naturallv to the throne 

 was dashed. 



Still there was no open collision 

 until 1455, when York, realizing 

 that he was in danger of being at- 

 tainted for treason, took up arms 

 in self-defence, and the first battle 

 of St. Albans began the Wars of the 

 Roses in May. York was victorious, 

 and his ascendancy was tempor- 

 arily secured. There was a super- 

 ficial reconciliation, till again in 

 1459 he was driven to take up 

 arms, but his followers were scat- 

 tered, and he and his principal sup- 

 porters, Salisbury and Warwick, 

 had to fly the country. In the sum- 

 mer of 1460 they reappeared in 

 arms. The king was defeated and 

 taken prisoner at Northampton, 



Rose of Jericho, showing, left, the 



curved-in stalks of the dead plant. 



and, right, the plant expanded for 



the dispersal of the seeds 



July 10, and York, proceeding to 

 London, startled his supporters by 

 asserting that he himself was the 

 rightful king, and that the reigning 

 house were usurpers. Both he and 

 Henry, however, were persuaded to 

 adopt a compromise, recognizing 

 Henry as king for life, but Richard, 

 instead of the prince of Wales, as 

 heir to the throne. 



The queen, however, resolved to 

 fight for her son's rights. On Dec. 

 30 York was defeated and killed 

 at Wakefield. His son Edward 

 defeated a Lancastrian force at 

 Mortimer's Cross, Feb. 2, 1461, 

 marched to London, and, sup- 

 ported now by Warwick, pro- 

 claimed himself king. On March 

 29, at Towton, Edward and War- 

 wick shattered the Lancastrian 

 forces ; Henry and his queen both 

 fled out of England. A Lancastrian 

 rising was suppressed in 1464 by 

 the battles of Hedgeley Moor and 

 Hexham. But in 1469 Edward had 

 completely alienated Warwick, the 



ROSES 



man to whom he really owed his 

 throne. In 1470 a revolt was raised 

 which Warwick had fostered. The 

 insurgents were defeated in the 

 fight called the Battle of Lose-Coat 

 Field, and Warwick fled to France, 

 where he became reconciled to 

 Queen Margaret. Henry had been 

 caught and imprisoned in theTower 

 some time before. In September 

 Warwick returned to England in 

 arms. Edward was taken by sur- 

 prise and was forced in his turn to 

 fly the country ; Henry was once 

 more taken out of the Tower and 

 proclaimed king. 



End and Results o! the Contest 

 But on March 14, 1471, Edward 

 was back in Yorkshire ; on April 

 14 he defeated and killed Warwick 

 at Barnet ; and on May 4, at 

 Tewkesbury, shattered a second 

 Lancastrian force, headed by Queen 

 Margaret, killed the young Prince 

 Edward, captured the queen, and 

 then a few days later killed the un- 

 lucky Henry VI. The House of 

 York was now firmly established on 

 the throne, the only representative 

 of the Lancastrians being Henry 

 Tudor, earl of Richmond, son of 

 Margaret Beaufort. Nevertheless 

 the tyrannical government of 

 Richard III (1*83-85) gave the 

 Lancastrians one more opportun- 

 ity. In 1485, Richmond, who had 

 been in exile, landed in England. 

 Richard was killed at the battle of 

 Bosworth, on Aug. 22, Henry Tudor 

 was proclaimed king, and by his 

 marriage in Jan.. 1486, to Elizabeth, 

 daughter of Edward IV, united 

 the houses of Lancaster and York, 

 thereby ending the contest. 



The whole struggle had been 

 one in which no principles were 

 at stake, a war entirely domin- 

 ated by the personal and family 

 interests of the great nobles. To the 

 people at large the victory of York- 

 ists or Lancastrians was a matter 

 of indifference, and they took as 

 little part in the contest as they 

 could. But in the course of it the 

 old noble families were nearly ex- 

 terminated. Estates were forfeited 

 and redistributed ; on the ruins of 

 the old system new fortunes were 

 founded by a large number of 

 small men instead of a small 

 number of big men, and after the 

 Wars of the Roses there was never 

 again a danger that the crown 

 would be held at the mercy of a 

 new Warwick the Kingmaker. See 

 England : History ; Lancaster ; 

 York; consult also The Wars of 

 York and Lancaster, E. Thompson, 

 1892 ; The Houses of Lancaster and 

 York, J. Gairdner, 9th ed. 1896 ; 

 The Strife of the Roses and Days 

 of the Tudors in the West, W. 

 H. H. Rogers, 1900. 



A. D. Innes 



