ROTEN TURM 



67 16 



ROTHENBURG 



above ground, when the last har- 

 rowing of the latter covers them 

 up. After the corn crop has been 

 harvested the seeds are rolled in 

 autumn on light land, or consolida- 

 tion may be effected by sheep, 

 though these must not be allowed 

 to feed off the crop too much. 

 Spring rolling is advisable. (See 

 Agriculture : Pasture.) 



The rotation of crop is the prac- 

 tice of growing crops from one year 

 to another upon a given area in 

 a certain succession. Experience 

 shows that the best results cannot 

 be expected in arable farming un- 

 less there is a systematic change of 

 crops on a given piece of land. The 

 continuous growth of one crop 

 exhausts the soil in an unequal 

 way down to a particular depth. 

 Rotation means a more uniform 

 drain on plant food, while alterna- 

 tion between shallow and deep- 

 rooted crops secures that no part 

 of the soil fails to be utilised. It 

 follows also that manuring can be 

 carried out with less expense, as 

 t He requirements of different crops 

 vary, while at tRe same time in- 

 sect and fungoid growths are kept 

 in check. Root crops enable the 

 land to be properly cleaned, and 

 if fed to stock on the land check 

 exhaustion by the return of man- 

 ure. Cereal crops possess the great 

 advantage that clover or "seeds" 

 can be sown among them, ready to 

 come on when they have been 

 harvested, so that valuable time 

 is saved. Leguminous crops add 

 considerably to the store of nitro- 

 gen in the soil. Rotation is also 

 absolutely necessary when stock 

 are kept, and greatly furthers the 

 economical distribution of labour 

 through the farming year. 



The best known rotation is the 

 four-course or Norfolk kind, origi- 

 nally introduced from Flanders. 

 It consists of a succession of wheat, 

 roots, barley, and clover, together 

 occupying a cycle of four years. 

 Here, however, there is a great 

 possibility of variation to suit par- 

 ticular soils and local climates. 

 Other cereals may be grown in- 

 stead of those named, e.g. oats in 

 place of barley. There is also con- 

 siderable choice in the matter of 

 roots. Clover, again, may be re- 

 placed by rotation grasses (q.v.). 

 while peas or beans can also be sub- 

 stituted. See Agriculture ; Crops 



Roten Turm OR ROTEB TURM. 

 Pass in the Transylvanian * Alps. 

 Rumania. It is 17 m. S. of Sibiu 

 (Hermannstadt). The river Oltu 

 has cut its way from S. Transyl- 

 vania through the mountains 

 which are the S. section of the Car 

 pathians, to the plains of Walla 

 chia. The rly. follows the river 

 gap, which is overlooked by the 



Roten Turm. Shattered Tower on the roadway through the pass in the 

 Transylvanian Alps 



peak Negoi, 8,320 ft., to the E. 

 The road follows easier but more 

 elevated ground W. of the gap. 

 The square Red Tower, from which 

 the pass takes its name, was built 

 in 1533 at the S. end. 



The pass was prominent in the 

 fighting between the Rumanians 

 and Austro-Germans in the Great 

 War. The former seized it early 

 in their invasion of Hungary, Aug., 

 1916, but it was soon retaken by 

 the Germans. See Carpathians ; 

 Rumania, Conquest of. 



Rothamsted. Pioneer agricul- 

 tural experimental station, near 

 Harpenden, Herts. It was founded 

 by John Bennet Lawes (q.v. ) in 

 1843, and endowed by him in 1889. 

 With him from the first was 

 associated Joseph Henry Gilbert 

 (q.v.), and the two worked together 

 until the death of Lawes in 1900. 

 From the date of foundation until 

 the present time a continuous 

 series of most important researches 

 has been carried out on the 40 

 acre Rothamsted estate and in the 

 attached laboratories. 



The personal experimental work 

 of Lawes began when he suc- 

 ceeded to the estate in 1834, and 

 led to the discovery of super- 

 phosphates. Wheat has been 

 grown continuously on the Broad- 

 balk field from 1843, and experi- 

 ments have been made on different 

 manures, including the question 

 of loss in drainage water. It has 

 been proved that this deep-rooted 



Rotkenburg, Bavaria. Siebersturm, a 

 city wall 



crop needs less manure than some 

 others, and is particularly benefited 

 by the aci/ion of nitrate of soda. 

 Similar experiments have been 

 carried out on barley, oats, root 

 crops, etc. See Agriculture ; con 

 suit also Book of the Rothamsted 

 Experiments, A. D. Hall, 1905, and 

 the annual reports of the station 



Rothband Scheme. Scheme 

 which resulted in the establishment 

 of the King's Roll of Honour. 

 H. L. Rothband, of the Albion 

 Works, Pendleton, Manchester, 

 published a pamphlet in 1917, pro 

 posing that a royal appeal should 

 be issued to all employers of labour 

 to give promises of employment 

 for one or more disabled soldiers 

 and sailors after the war. The 

 scheme was taken up by a Parlia- 

 mentary committee. See King's 

 National Roll. 



Rothbury. Urban district and 

 market town of Northumberland. 

 England. It stands on the Coquet. 

 llm. from Alnwick, with a station 

 on the N.B. Rly. Situated amid 

 wild moorland scenery, it attracts 

 many visitors. All Saints Church 

 is an old cruciform building re- 

 stored. Rothbury has been in the 

 possession of the Percys for 600 

 years. Near is Cragside, the resi- 

 dence erected by the 1st Baron 

 Armstrong. Market day, Mon 

 (alternate). Pop. 1..300. 



Rothenburg OR ROTHENBURG 

 OB-DER-TAUBER. Town of Bavaria, 

 Germany. It stands on a plateau. I 

 above the Tauber | 

 36 m. W. of Nur 

 ember g. The 

 Gothic rathaus ; 

 1240-50, has a 

 tower 160 ft. high 

 The Gothic Fran- 

 ciscan church, 

 1285-1309, c o n- 

 tains many tombs 

 and a statue of S. 

 Liborius, while the 

 Protestant church 

 of S. Jacob, 1373- 

 1436, has not- 

 able carvings and 

 gate in the old stained glass 

 windows. Ihere 



