58 



HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION 



The time required to load a cart varies with the material. One 

 sKoveller will require about as follows: Clay, seven minutes; loam, 

 six minutes; sand, five minutes. 



Fig. 39. Earth Wagon. 



Dump Cars. These cars are made to dump in several different 

 ways, viz., single or double side, single or double end, and rotary 

 or universal dumpers. 



Dump cars may be operated singly or in trains, as the magni- 

 tude of the work may demand. They may be moved by horses or 



Fig. 40. Dump Cart. 



small locomotives. They are made in various sizes, depending upon 

 the gauge of the track on which they are run. A common gauge is 



