THE SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT IN FRANCE. 143 



not then exist. 1 Science was not a subject of general, still 

 less of popular, instruction. It was an occupation of the 

 few, who, privileged by fortune or talent, or gifted with 

 inordinate perseverance, forced their way into the salons 

 of society 2 or the rooms of the Academy. The first public 

 course of natural history was opened in Paris by Valmont 

 de Bomare in 1760. 3 Science still stood far out of the reach 

 of the practical man or the poor man; it had not yet 

 become an element of education or an instrument for 

 industry. It was a fashionable pursuit, a luxury of the 

 great, a key that occasionally opened the door of the 

 palace ; but it was not a thing of immediate use, except 

 in adding glory and renown to its royal protectors, or 

 to the rare genius which could make new discoveries. 

 Almost the only application made of it was in naviga- 

 tion, and in the construction of instruments connected 

 therewith. This essentially literary not national 

 popularisation of science had also its great dangers. 34. 

 Xo ideas lend themselves to such easy, but likewise to the merely 



literary pop- 



such shallow, generalisations as those of science. Once ui 

 let out of the hand which uses them, in the strict and 

 cautious manner by which alone they lead to valuable 

 results, they are apt to work mischief. Because the tool 

 is so sharp, tne object to which it is applied seems to be 



1 Cuvier, in his ' Rapport,' &c., p. 2 See Maury, p. 182, &c. Also Cu- 



361, mentions the elementary works vier, ' Rapport,' vol. ii. p. 427 : " En 



published by some of the medical j France la reputation des ouvrages 



professors at the beginning of the ddpend, pour 1'ordinaire, des femmes 



century, but says also that " En 

 Allemagne, surtout, ou 1'usage des 

 livrea (Hementaires est plus commun 

 que chez nous, il n'est presque 

 aucune university, dont les profes- 

 seurs n'en aient publi<5 d'excel- 

 lena." 



et de quelques gens de lettres, qui 

 croient pouvoir juger des sciences 

 positives, parce qu'ils ont combiud 

 quelques idees gdndrales de mdta- 

 physique." 



* See Maury, ' L'ancienne Acad- 

 emic dee Sciences,' p. 283. 



