CONTENTS. IX 



CHAPTEE VIII. 



ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL VIEW OF NATURE. 



The abstract sciences, 200 ; Convenience and usefulness of the process of 

 abstraction, 201 ; Interest opposed to the spirit of abstraction, 202 ; 

 The descriptive sciences, 203 ; The breaking down of old landmarks, 

 204 ; The spirit of exploration, 206 ; The medical interest, 207 ; Physical 

 science applied to medicine, 208 ; Schwann, 209 ; Darwin, 209 ; Herbert 

 Spencer, 210 ; Whewell's divisions abandoned, 210 ; Divisions of natural 

 history, 211 ; Morphology and genetics, 213 ; Other aspects, 215 ; Life 

 and mind, 216 ; Vitalistic and psycho-physical aspects, 218 ; Morphology 

 defined, 219 ; Artificial and natural systems, 220 ; Linnaeus and Buffon, 

 221 ; Morphology of crystals, 222 ; Morphology on a large scale, 224 ; 

 Humboldt, 225 ; Morphology on a minute scale, 227 ; Its improvement, 

 230 ; Morphology and classification, 231 ; Study of separate organs, 233 ; 

 Outdoor studies, 234 ; Jussieu, 235 ; Problem of organisation, 236 ; 

 Cuvier, 237 ; " Types," 238 ; De Candolle, 239 ; Regularity and sym- 

 metry, 241 ; Goethe's metamorphosis, 243 ; The ideal type, 245 ; Palaeon- 

 tology, 247 ; Cuvier's catastrophism, 250 ; Study of analogies, 250 ; 

 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 253 ; Cuvier and Geoffroy, 255 ; Richard Owen, 

 257 ; Study of homology, 258 ; The cellular theory, 260 ; Hugo von 

 Mohl, 262 ; Schleiden and Schwann, 263 ; Transition to the study of 

 development, 264 ; Affinity, 267 ; Insufficiency of the morphological 

 ' view, 270; Herbert Spencer's "physiological units," 272; Change of 

 scientific interests, 273 ; The morphological period, 274. 



CHAPTER IX. 



ON THE GENETIC VIEW OF NATURE. 



Statics and dynamics of living forms, 276 ; "Evolution," 278; "Genesis," 

 279 ; Leibniz's ' Protogsca,' 280 ; Kant's nebular theory, 282 ; Laplace, 

 284 ; " Cyclical " view, 286 ; Supplanted by genetic view, 290 ; Geology, 

 290 ; Hutton, 292 ; Lyell, 293 ; Embryology, 296 ; Epigenesis and evolu- 

 tion, 298 ; C. F. Wolff, 298 ; Pander and K. E. von Baer, 299 ; Von 

 Baer's comprehensive views, 302 ; Von Baer's views in modern terms, 

 306 ; Phylotaxy and phylogenesis, 308 ; Lamarck, 309 ; The term 

 "Biology," 312 ; "Environment," 314 ; The "Natur-philosophie," 315 ; 

 Lamarck and Von Baer, 316; The 'Vestiges,' 318; Popular influence, 

 320 ; Genetic view in Germany and France, 321 ; Apologetic literature 

 in England, 324 ; Mansel and Darwin, 326 ; Triumph of the genetic 

 view, 328 ; Humboldt's ' Kosmos ' and the ' Origin of Species,' 329 ; 



