CONTENTS. XI 



CHAPTER XL 



ON THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL VIEW OF NATURE. 



Abstract and concrete sciences, 465 ; Their different methods, 466 ; Inner 

 experience, 468 ; Psycho-physics, 469 ; Cabanis's simile, 470 ; Prepared 

 by Locke and Haller, 471 ; Berkeley's ' Theory of Vision,' 472 ; Bernoulli 

 and Euler, 474 ; Animal electricity, 475 ; Phrenology, 476 ; Dr Young's 

 colour theory, 480 ; Charles Bell, 481 ; Mailer's "specific energies," 482 ; 

 Helmholtz, 485; "Timbre" defined, 488; Analogy between sound and 

 colour, 489 ; Helmholtz and Kant, 491 ; The brothers Weber, 492 ; 

 Fechner's Psycho-physics, 493 ; Influence of Herbart, 494 ; His attack 

 on the "faculty-psychology," 495; Unity of mental life, 496 ; Mathe- 

 matical psychology, 498 ; Lotze's physiology of the soul, 500 ; Two sides 

 of Lotze's doctrine, 502 ; The psycho-physics of vision, 504 ; Wheat- 

 stone's stereoscope, 505; Localisation of sensations, 507 ; Lotze's "local 

 signs," 508 ; Fechner, 508 ; Wundt, 511 ; Physiological psychology, 512; 

 Wundt, Fechner, and Lotze compared, 515 ; The unity of consciousness, 

 516 ; Doctrine of parallelism, 518 ; Miinsterberg, 521 ; Phenomenon of 

 centralisation, 524 ; Externalisation and growth of mind, 525 ; Wundt's 

 treatment of central problem, 525 ; Introspective method, 527 ; The 

 " objective mind," 529 ; Its study prepared by Herder, 531 ; His 

 ' History of Mankind,' 534 ; Separation of natural and mental sciences, 

 534 ; The problem of language, 536 ; The exact treatment, 538 ; 

 Phonetics, 539 ; The dividing line between man and brute, 541 ; Sum- 

 mary, 543 ; The three facts impressed by psycho-physics, 545 ; Transi- 

 tion to statistics, 546. 



CHAPTER XII. 



ON THE STATISTICAL VIEW OF NATURE. 



Life and Mind as limiting conceptions, 548 ; Results of abstract science, 550 ; 

 Uncertainty in the concrete, 552 ; Scientific spirit in business, 553 ; The 

 science of large numbers, 555 ; Belief in general order, 556 ; Bacon's 

 " Method of Instances," 557 ; General idea underlying enumeration, 

 561 ; Doctrine of averages, 561 ; Statistics in France, Germany, and 

 England, 562 ; John Graunt and Halley, 564 ; Probability, Co-operation, 

 Equitable Distribution, 566 ; The Science of Chances, 568 ; Gondorcet, 

 570 ; Laplace, 572 ; Four applications, 574 ; Theory of Error, 574 ; 

 Method of Least Squares : Gauss, 576 ; Laplace, 578 ; Queteiet, 579 ; 

 The " mean man," 580 ; Social statistics and freewill, 583 ; Buckle, 



