ON THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL VIEW OF NATURE. 497 



tained in his works. 1 Herbart was quite as correct 

 in his ideal of what psychology should be, as he was 

 unfortunate in the particular manner in which he 

 elaborated it. 



Psychology was to be founded on experience, meta- 

 physics, and mathematics. Kant had studied the inner 

 activity of the mind as it is compounded of sensation, 

 perception, and apperception ; of understanding, judgment, 

 and reasoning. In opposition to this Herbart went back 

 to the position taken up by Locke and Hume, looking at 

 the inner life of a conscious mental being or soul, not as 

 a complex of mental faculties, but as a flow of ideas or 

 perceptions. How is the unity and simplicity of this 

 mental being preserved in the midst of this continuous 

 flow of ideas ? how is it regained as often as it is in 

 danger of being lost ? His investigations start at the 

 point where the inquiries of the association school of 

 psychologists started in England. Having, however, the 

 mechanics and dynamics of physical forces more promin- 



1 Dr Stout has given an ac- of Prof. Wundt of Leipzig and of Mr 

 count of the Herbartian school Spencer in England that is, in the 

 in the 14th volume of ' Mind,' p. j case of the latest outcome of the 

 353 sqq. He confines himself to j Kant- Herbartian philosophy on the 

 Drobiach, Waitz, and Volkmann, one side and of the Association phil- 

 the psychologists proper. M. osophy in England on the other 

 Ribot (loc. cit. ) has dwelt more and in each case under the influence 



on the development of the Herbart- 

 ian school in the direction of an- 

 thropology and ethnology ; he 

 mention* specially Waitz, as well 

 as Lazarus and Steinthal. He 

 contrasts, their work and their 

 positions with those of the great 

 anthropologists of the English 

 school, such as Tylor, Lubbock, 

 and Herbert Spencer, and notes, 



of the exact and biological sciences, 

 philosophy ends in elaborate treat- 

 ises on Anthropology, which with 

 Spencer is conceived under the 

 name of Sociology. Similarly, the 

 school of Hegel ended in elaborate 

 historical treatises. Hume turned 

 from abstract philosophy to politi- 

 cal economy and history, and 

 Herder as we shall see later on 



in the German school, the absence anticipated much of all this 



of Darwinian ideas. It is import- movement in his History of 



ant to observe that both in the case Mankind. 



VOL. II. 2 I 



