498 SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT. 



ently before his mind than they had, he was tempted 

 to try how far the conceptions of equilibrium of motion 

 and of the composition of forces could be applied to the 

 inner play of ideas which chase, oppose, and displace 

 each other, preserving all the time a kind of dynamical 

 SB. equilibrium. His elaborate mathematical calculations in 



Mathe- 

 matical the first part of his greater work on psychology do not 



psychology. 



specially refer to the purely intellectual process ; l they 

 refer rather to all inner processes which oppose each 

 other, which come into conflict, restraining each other in 

 proportion to their contrast, creating a tendency towards 

 reversion to former conditions. Such a play of oppos- 

 ing forces is to be found likewise in the larger field of 

 human society ; this is accordingly quite as much a case 

 for the application of those psychical mechanics which 

 Herbart aimed at establishing. 



In a history of scientific Thought, which aims at 

 showing by what gradual steps the various provinces 

 of phenomena have been brought under the methods of 

 exact treatment, the psychology of Herbart has an im- 

 portant as well as a unique and isolated position. It 



1 Herbart himself says of his appear in language and in actions 



mathematical chapter, that the re- in a common sensual world. In 



suits therein given " do not follow the latter they restrict each other ; 



immediately from the conception this is the universal spectacle of 



of a thinking being ; but they re- I conflicting interests and social 



fer to the mutual arrangements of 

 any things, in so far as they are 

 opposed and as they collide, re- 



frictions. Also the fusion no doubt 

 exists. . . . We therefore assume 

 that among men living together 



stricting each other in proportion i the same conditions appear which 

 to their contrast, tending to revert j exist, according to our view, among 

 to the previous condition, the ' the ideas in one and the same con- 

 unrestricted portions being fused ' sciousness. We examine the re- 

 into complex forces. The forces suit of their mutual restrictive 

 which are active in society are action" ("Psychologic als Wissen- 

 doubtless originally psychological schaft," ' Werke,' ed. Hartenstein, 

 forces. They meet in so far as they vol. vi. p. 31, &c. 



