DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL THOUGHT. 653 



had arrived at any finality in his speculations, and, 

 beyond occasional hints which have only subsequently 

 become intelligible, the love of finish exhibited in all 

 his published writings prevented him from giving to the 

 world the suggestive ideas which evidently formed the 

 groundwork of his mathematical labours. There is no 

 doubt that like Goethe in a very different sphere 

 Gauss anticipated individually the developments in the 

 sphere of mathematical thought down to the end of the 

 century. The interpretation of the complex quantity 

 had been given by Wessel, Buee, and Argand l in the 

 early years of the century ; but it remained unnoticed 

 till it received the sanction of Gauss in a celebrated 

 memoir referring to the theory of numbers, and until in 



geometrical representation of the 

 complex or imaginary quantity 

 was given by Hankel in the above- 

 mentioned work (see above, note, 

 p. 645), p. 82. He there says, after 

 discussing the claims of others, 

 notably of Gauss, that Argand 

 in his ' Kssai ' of the year 1806 

 (re-edited by Hoiiel, 1874) " had so- 

 fully treated of the whole theory 

 that later nothing essentially new 

 was added, and that, except a 

 publication of still earlier date 

 were found, Argand must be con- 

 sidered the true founder of the 

 representation of complex quan- 

 tities in the plane." Such an 

 earlier publication has indeed been 

 met with in a tract by Caspar 

 Wessel, which was presented to- 

 the Danish Academy in 1797, and 

 published in 1799. Having been 

 overlooked, like Argand's ' Essai,' 

 it has now been republished at 

 Copenhagen, 1897, with the title 

 1 Essai sur la representation de la 

 direction ' (see ' Encyk. Math. 

 Wisaenschaften,' vol. i. p. 155). 



through his father with the specu- 

 lations of the youthful Gauss, and 

 as Lobatchevsky was a pupil of 

 another student friend of Gauss 

 in the person of Prof. Bartels, it is 

 not unlikely that the interest which 

 these thinkers took in the subject 

 can be originally traced to the 

 same source. (See Dr Halsted's ad- 

 dress on Lobatchevsky, ' Neomonic 

 Series,' vol. i., 1894.) A complete 

 bibliography of the earlier papers, 

 referring to the so-called ' ' non- 

 Euclidean "literature down to 1878, 

 is given by Dr Halsted in the 

 first two vols. of the ' American 

 Journal of Mathematics ' : the most 

 recent publications are those of 

 the Hon. B. A. W. Russell in 

 his work, ' The Foundations of 

 Geometry' (1897) and his ex- 

 cellent article on " Non-Euclidean 

 Geometry " in the 28th vol. of the 

 ' Ency. Brit.' See also Klein's 

 lithographed lectures on ' Nicht- 

 Euklidische Geometric,' Gottingen, 

 1893. 



1 The first somewhat exhaust- 

 ive historical statement as to the 



