36 MEDIEVAL AGRICULTURE. 



arable estate and the pasture, either held by the lord of the 

 manor, or graced in common with the cattle of the free- 

 holders and villains of the manor. 



It will be seen from the statements of stock and produce, 

 that horses of some kind formed part of the complement of 

 each farm. They are designated either as equi cartarii or 

 affri, and in some cases, as the foot-notes shew, the bailiff's 

 nag or hackney is reckoned with the rest of the stud. 



There can be no doubt that affri were a kind of horses 

 employed especially in husbandry, and that they were pro- 

 bably the progenitors of those coarse ill-shaped animals which 

 are still seen in some country places. The horses quoted 

 in the catalogue of stock at Wolford and Basingstoke, of 

 the year 1334, are the affri of the following year. On the 

 other hand, affri are distinguished from horses on other 

 estates, probably because the latter were larger and better 

 bred. We shall see below that the price of the horse is 

 always higher than that of the affer. 



In the tables of price of stock given in the second volume, 

 pp. 183-270, I have always put c stotts' under the head of 

 c cattle/ In modern provincial language a c stot' is a young 

 ox. But I suspected, when I recognised the low rate at 

 which the hides of these animals were sold, that I had been 

 in error in assigning them to that species. Ducange con- 

 siders stots, or stods, though his quotations are not conclu- 

 sive, to be low-bred stallions. I am disposed to think that 

 the interpretation is correct, because the hide is of such 

 slight value. 



The horses kept for breeding and sale at Elham are not 

 reckoned in the schedule. These animals, always intended, 

 it seems, for riding, were, we must conclude, under other 

 management than that of the bailiff, though they are in- 

 cluded in his account. See ii. 232. ii., 233. ii. It may be 

 observed, too, that the entry of produce in the first year from 

 Elham includes the tithe-wheat collected on that estate. 



The number of cattle kept is considerable, but the breed, 



