CANDLES. 413 



of this article than for that of any among its congeners, and 

 the quantities employed on the farm are very often large. It 

 was bought, I suppose, from butchers, or from such in- 

 habitants of the village as had grease for sale. As I have 

 already observed, it is seldom the case that the manor-house was 

 inhabited. A table was often kept for the harvest labourers, 

 and there were occasional visits from the lord. But in these 

 cases there is almost always an entry under the bailiff's credits 

 containing the charges to which the estate was put in con- 

 sequence of these periodical or exceptional events. Hence, 

 though there would have been perhaps, had the house been 

 inhabited, a sufficient produce of fat for the necessary uses of 

 the farm, it became necessary to purchase whatever was needed 

 when such an indirect supply was not forthcoming. It was 

 frequently the case, too, that articles really produced on the 

 farm were debited to the bailiff at their market value, and then, 

 on being consumed in the ordinary business of the estate, 

 formed part of the bailifFs credits. 



The remaining facts are procured from the purchase and sale 

 of pinguedo in the later years, and of sagmen. Both these 

 words are, 1 am disposed to think, synonymes for lard. I do 

 not find them simultaneously on any estate, nor quoted along 

 with lard, except in early times. If they be the same with 

 pig-fat, the measuring by the gallon must have been a later 

 custom, which ultimately superseded the estimate by weight. 

 The evidence given for these kinds of produce presents no 

 material for any exceptional inference. 



CANDLES. Closely connected with the price of fats is that 

 of candles. These articles, the price of which varies but little, 

 are occasionally described as white or as Paris, the latter being 

 apparently of foreign origin. The largest purchases are made 

 for monastic or collegiate establishments, as at Bicester, Box- 

 ley, Oxford, Pershore, and Southampton. During four years, 

 1350-1353, considerable purchases are made at Salden. This 

 manor, situated in Bucks, along with Weston Turberville in 

 the same county, and Ziftele, that is Iffley, near Oxford, formed 



